发表机构
Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; University of Cambridge; Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia; University of St Andrews; Linköping University; ETH, Zurich; Technical University of Denmark (DTU); EssilorLuxottica; Henan University of Technology（意大利理工大学; 剑桥大学; 摩德纳和雷焦艾米利亚大学; 圣安德鲁斯大学; 林雪平大学; 苏黎世联邦理工学院; 丹麦技术大学; 依视路陆逊梯卡; 河南工业大学）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。AI 中文总结
本综述批判性总结能量采集技术进展，涵盖摩擦纳米发电机、压电、光伏、射频及混合集成，并揭示系统级瓶颈如冷启动PMIC和器件退化，为自供电微系统提供全面视角。
AI 中文摘要
物联网（IoT）、可穿戴生物电子学和信息物理基础设施的不断激增，使得传统电化学电池成为长期、免维护自主微系统的最主要瓶颈。能量采集，即将环境中的机械能、热能和辐射能转换为可用电能，因此已成为实现永久性、无电池运行的一种变革性范式。本综述批判性地综合了近期能量采集技术领域最重要的进展，重点关注摩擦纳米发电机（TENGs）、压电和热释电换能器、室内光伏、射频（RF）整流天线及其多源混合集成。我们强调了范式转变的突破，包括消除机械磨损的固液摩擦纳米发电机、将工作带宽扩大超过300%的非线性压电振荡器、用于高电荷密度电介质的机器学习加速材料发现，以及由超材料架构实现的多频段和宽带射频采集。关键的是，我们超越了传统的以材料为中心的叙述，批判性地审视了“看不见的”系统级瓶颈：超低电压冷启动电源管理集成电路（PMICs）、混合能源的阻抗匹配挑战，以及微型超级电容器和薄膜电池在现实现场条件下的持续退化。
英文摘要
The relentless proliferation of the Internet of Things (IoT), wearable bioelectronics, and cyber-physical infrastructure has rendered the conventional electrochemical battery the single most prohibitive bottleneck to long-term, maintenance-free autonomous microsystems. Energy harvesting, i.e. the conversion of ambient mechanical, thermal, and radiative energy into usable electrical power, has consequently emerged as a transformative paradigm to realize perpetual, battery-independent operation. This review critically synthesizes the most significant advances in energy harvesting technologies over the recent period, with a focus on triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), piezoelectric and pyroelectric transducers, indoor photovoltaics, radio-frequency (RF) rectennas, and their multi-source hybrid integrations. We highlight paradigm-shifting breakthroughs, including liquid-solid TENGs that eliminate mechanical wear, nonlinear piezoelectric oscillators that broaden operational bandwidth by over 300%, machine-learning-accelerated material discovery for high charge-density dielectrics, and multiband and broadband RF harvesting enabled by metamaterial architectures. Crucially, we move beyond conventional materials-centric narratives to critically interrogate the "unseen" system-level bottlenecks: ultra-low-voltage cold-start power management integrated circuits (PMICs), the impedance-matching challenges of hybrid energy sources, and the persistent degradation of micro-supercapacitors and thin-film batteries under realistic field conditions.
