μ子亏损问题：计算μ子重标度因子和Heitler-Matthews β指数的新方法
The muon deficit problem: a new method to calculate the muon rescaling factors and the Heitler-Matthews beta exponent
摘要：
使用目前的强子相互作用模型对广泛的空气簇射进行的模拟预测，与空气簇射实验中观察到的事件相比，μ子的数量太少，这被称为μ子赤字问题。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种新的方法来计算的因子，通过蒙特卡罗模拟获得的μ子信号必须重新调整，以匹配的数据，以及从海特勒-马修斯模型的β指数，管理的μ子的数量发现在广泛的空气淋浴作为一个函数的质量和能量的初级宇宙线。这种方法使用所谓的z变量（总重建信号和模拟信号之间的差异），它与μ子信号有关，大致与天顶角无关，但取决于初级宇宙射线的质量。使用QGSJetII-04构建的模拟数据集，我们表明，这样的方法允许我们使用EPOS-LHC强子模型生成的Monte-Carlo事件从该数据集再现平均μ子信号，准确度优于6%。作为一个结果的μ介子信号的良好恢复，包括在分析中，也可以得到β指数的精度小于1%的研究系统。详细的模拟表明β指数依赖于强子相互作用性质，因此确定这个参数是很重要的理解μ子赤字问题。
英文摘要：
Simulations of extensive air showers using current hadronic interaction models predict too small numbers of muons compared to events observed in the air-shower experiments, which is known as the muon-deficit problem. In this work, we present a new method to calculate the factor by which the muon signal obtained via Monte-Carlo simulations must be rescaled to match the data, as well as the beta exponent from the Heitler-Matthews model which governs the number of muons found in an extensive air shower as a function of the mass and the energy of the primary cosmic ray. This method uses the so-called z variable (difference between the total reconstructed and the simulated signals), which is connected to the muon signal and is roughly independent of the zenith angle, but depends on the mass of the primary cosmic ray. Using a mock dataset built from QGSJetII-04, we show that such a method allows us to reproduce the average muon signal from this dataset using Monte-Carlo events generated with the EPOS-LHC hadronic model, with accuracy better than 6%. As a consequence of the good recovery of the muon signal for each primary included in the analysis, also the beta exponent can be obtained with accuracy of less than 1% for the studied system. Detailed simulations show a dependence of the beta exponent on hadronic interaction properties, thus the determination of this parameter is important for understanding the muon deficit problem.
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