测定星系图案速度的五种方法
Five methods for determining pattern speeds in galaxies
AI总结:
本文针对星系及N体模拟场景,提出五种测定瞬时标量和矢量图案速度的方法,分别基于不同的不变性假设,可适配不同数据条件,部分方法还可扩展求解旋转中心参数或图案速度加速度。
摘要:
研究目的:本文开发了从受限区域测定瞬时标量和矢量图案速度的新方法或改进方法,可应用于N体模拟或星系研究中。\n研究方法:本文采用的核心通用思路源于以下事实:坐标函数的时间导数与其旋转速率和粒子速度呈线性正比关系。通常情况下,已知这些量即可通过线性优化求解瞬时图案速度矢量。同理,若一个不变函数同时依赖于位置和速度,则可求解其在空间中的瞬时旋转矢量;已知加速度的情况下,则可求解速度空间中的旋转。\n研究结果:前3种方法基于空间或速度空间中各点函数的旋转不变性假设:1)6D不变函数法,可测定空间和速度空间中的图案速度矢量;2)微分/区域三维Tremaine-Weinberg方法,在高信噪比区域进行计算;3)三维Jacobi积分法,可得到势图案速度。方法1和3还引入了扩展功能,可推导旋转中心的位置、速度和加速度。最后2种方法基于粒子坐标平均函数的不变性假设:4)转动惯量法,利用奇异值分解的导数进行计算;5)二维傅里叶方法(对于m=2模采用三维形式),可得到模的旋转速度。方法4和5还可推导图案速度加速度。\n研究结论:根据可用数据的不同,这些不同方法提供了多种可选的研究途径。
英文摘要:
Aims. New or refined methods for determining instantaneous scalar and vector pattern speeds from a restricted domain are developed, for applications in N-body simulations or in galaxies. Methods. The general feature used throughout follows from the fact that the time-derivative of a function of the coordinates is linearly proportional to its rotation rate and its particle velocities. Knowing these allow in general to retrieve the instantaneous pattern speed vector by linear optimization. Similarly, if an invariant function depends both on the position and velocities, then its instantaneous rotation vectors in space can be retrieved. Knowing the accelerations allows to find rotation in velocity space. Results. The first 3 methods are based on the assumed rotational invariance of functions at each point in space or velocity space: 1) The 6D invariant function method measuring the pattern speed vectors in space and velocity space, 2) The differential/regional 3D Tremaine-Weinberg method evaluated over high signal to noise ratio regions, 3) The 3D Jacobi integral method yielding the potential pattern speed. Extensions to derive the rotation center position, speed and acceleration are introduced in 1) and 3). The last 2 methods are based on the assumed invariance of average functions of the particle coordinates. 4) The moment of inertia methods by using the derivative of the singular value decomposition, 5) The 2D Fourier method (3D for m = 2 mode) giving the mode rotation speeds. Pattern speed accelerations are also derived in 4) and 5). Conclusions. Depending on the available data, the different methods provide a choice of approaches.
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