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arXiv 2301.09646astro-ph.EP
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水星在早期不稳定情景中的形成

Mercury's formation within the Early Instability Scenario

Matthew S. Clement, John E. Chambers, Nathan A. Kaib, Sean N. Raymond, Alan P. Jackson

摘要:

内太阳系的现代轨道结构提供了对类地行星形成时代的推论;通过与微行星和其他原行星的碰撞,行星生长的~ 1亿年时间段。虽然这种情况下的经典数值模拟充分再现了地球世界的正确数量,它们的半长轴和近似的形成时间尺度,但他们很难复制地球-火星和金星-水星的质量比。在过去的一系列独立调查中,我们证明火星的质量可能是木星和土星早期轨道演化的结果,而水星的小尺寸可能是该地区原始质量不足的结果。在这里,我们将这些想法结合在一个单一的模拟场景中,旨在同时再现所有四个类地行星的形成和巨行星的现代轨道。通过评估我们的水星类似物的核心质量分数,质量和金星的轨道偏移,我们倾向于这样一种情况,即水星是通过一系列激烈的侵蚀性碰撞形成的,这些碰撞发生在地球圆盘内部的一些~水星质量的胚胎之间。我们还比较了气体巨星开始模拟锁定在一个紧凑的3:2共振配置,以更轻松的2:1方向的情况下,发现前者是更成功的。在2:1的情况下,整个水星形成区域往往会因为强烈的长期共振而耗尽,这些共振也会在地球和金星的轨道上过度兴奋。虽然我们的模型在复制水星巨大的核心和动态孤立轨道方面非常成功,但行星的低质量仍然非常具有挑战性。最后,我们讨论的优点和缺点,替代的进化方案和初始磁盘条件。

英文摘要:

The inner solar system's modern orbital architecture provides inferences into the epoch of terrestrial planet formation; a ~100 Myr time period of planet growth via collisions with planetesimals and other proto-planets. While classic numerical simulations of this scenario adequately reproduced the correct number of terrestrial worlds, their semi-major axes and approximate formation timescales, they struggled to replicate the Earth-Mars and Venus-Mercury mass ratios. In a series of past independent investigations, we demonstrated that Mars' mass is possibly the result of Jupiter and Saturn's early orbital evolution, while Mercury's diminutive size might be the consequence of a primordial mass deficit in the region. Here, we combine these ideas in a single modeled scenario designed to simultaneously reproduce the formation of all four terrestrial planets and the modern orbits of the giant planets in broad strokes. By evaluating our Mercury analogs' core mass fractions, masses, and orbital offsets from Venus, we favor a scenario where Mercury forms through a series of violent erosive collisions between a number of ~Mercury-mass embryos in the inner part of the terrestrial disk. We also compare cases where the gas giants begin the simulation locked in a compact 3:2 resonant configuration to a more relaxed 2:1 orientation and find the former to be more successful. In 2:1 cases, the entire Mercury-forming region is often depleted due to strong sweeping secular resonances that also tend to overly excite the orbits of Earth and Venus as they grow. While our model is quite successful at replicating Mercury's massive core and dynamically isolated orbit, the planets' low mass remains extremely challenging to match. Finally, we discuss the merits and drawbacks of alternative evolutionary scenarios and initial disk conditions.

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