Understanding the probabilistic traffic environment is a vital challenge for the motion planning of autonomous vehicles. To make feasible control decisions, forecasting future trajectories of adjacent cars is essential for intelligent vehicles to assess potential conflicts and react to reduce the risk. This paper first introduces a Bayesian Long Short-term Memory (BLSTM) model to learn human drivers' behaviors and habits from their historical trajectory data. The model predicts the probability distribution of surrounding vehicles' positions, which are used to estimate dynamic conflict risks. Next, a hybrid automaton is built to model the basic motions of a car, and the conflict risks are assessed for real-time state-space transitions based on environmental information. Finally, a BLSTM-based Model Predictive Control (MPC) is built to navigate vehicles through safe paths with the least predicted conflict risk. By merging BLSTM with MPC, the designed neural-based MPC overcomes the defect that traditional MPC is hard to model uncertain conflict risks. The simulation results show that our proposed BLSTM-based MPC performs better than human drivers because it can foresee potential conflicts and take action to avoid them.
Algorithms for motion planning in unknown environments are generally limited in their ability to reason about the structure of the unobserved environment. As such, current methods generally navigate unknown environments by relying on heuristic methods to choose intermediate objectives along frontiers. We present a unified method that combines map prediction and motion planning for safe, time-efficient autonomous navigation of unknown environments by dynamically-constrained robots. We propose a data-driven method for predicting the map of the unobserved environment, using the robot's observatio…
In order for automated mobile vehicles to navigate in the real world with minimal collision risks, it is necessary for their planning algorithms to consider uncertainties from measurements and environmental disturbances. In this paper, we consider analytical solutions for a conservative approximation of the mutual probability of collision between two robotic vehicles in the presence of such uncertainties. Therein, we present two methods, which we call unitary scaling and principal axes rotation, for decoupling the bivariate integral required for efficient approximation of the probability of co…
KTH Royal Institute of Technology（瑞典皇家理工学院）；UC Berkeley（加州大学伯克利分校）
Motion planning for autonomous vehicles sharing the road with human drivers remains challenging. The difficulty arises from three challenging aspects: human drivers are 1) multi-modal, 2) interacting with the autonomous vehicle, and 3) actively making decisions based on the current state of the traffic scene. We propose a motion planning framework based on Branch Model Predictive Control to deal with these challenges. The multi-modality is addressed by considering multiple future outcomes associated with different decisions taken by the human driver. The interactive nature of humans is conside…
Michigan State University（密歇根州立大学）；Oakland University（奥克兰大学）
Event-triggered model predictive control (eMPC) is a popular optimal control method with an aim to alleviate the computation and/or communication burden of MPC. However, it generally requires priori knowledge of the closed-loop system behavior along with the communication characteristics for designing the event-trigger policy. This paper attempts to solve this challenge by proposing an efficient eMPC framework and demonstrate successful implementation of this framework on the autonomous vehicle path following. First of all, a model-free reinforcement learning (RL) agent is used to learn the op…
Motion planning for autonomous robots and vehicles in presence of uncontrolled agents remains a challenging problem as the reactive behaviors of the uncontrolled agents must be considered. Since the uncontrolled agents usually demonstrate multimodal reactive behavior, the motion planner needs to solve a continuous motion planning problem under these behaviors, which contains a discrete element. We propose a branch Model Predictive Control (MPC) framework that plans over feedback policies to leverage the reactive behavior of the uncontrolled agent. In particular, a scenario tree is constructed …
This paper proposes a novel online motion planning approach to robot navigation based on nonlinear model predictive control. Common approaches rely on pure Euclidean optimization parameters. In robot navigation, however, state spaces often include rotational components which span over non-Euclidean rotation groups. The proposed approach applies nonlinear increment and difference operators in the entire optimization scheme to explicitly consider these groups. Realizations include but are not limited to quadratic form and time-optimal objectives. A complex parking scenario for the kinematic bicy…
Otto von Guericke University（奥托·冯·格里克大学）；German Aerospace Center (DLR)（德国航空航天中心（DLR））；Technical University of Darmstadt（达姆施塔特工业大学）
Planning and control for autonomous vehicles usually are hierarchical separated. However, increasing performance demands and operating in highly dynamic environments requires an frequent re-evaluation of the planning and tight integration of control and planning to guarantee safety. We propose an integrated hierarchical predictive control and planning approach to tackle this challenge. Planner and controller are based on the repeated solution of moving horizon optimal control problems. The planner can choose different low-layer controller modes for increased flexibility and performance instead…
Model Predictive Inferential Control of Neural State-Space Models for Autonomous Vehicle Motion Planning
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kansas（机械工程系，堪萨斯大学）；Department of Mathematics, University of Kansas（数学系，堪萨斯大学）；Department of Electrical & Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis（电气与系统工程系，华盛顿大学圣路易斯分校）
The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology（香港科技大学）；National University of Singapore（新加坡国立大学）；University of British Columbia（不列颠哥伦比亚大学）
In many specific scenarios, accurate and effective system identification is a commonly encountered challenge in the model predictive control (MPC) formulation. As a consequence, the overall system performance could be significantly weakened in outcome when the traditional MPC algorithm is adopted under those circumstances when such accuracy is lacking. This paper investigates a non-parametric closed-loop behavior learning method for multi-agent motion planning, which underpins a data-driven predictive control framework. Utilizing an innovative methodology with closed-loop input/output measurem…
Automatic driving lane change safety prediction model based on LSTM
Trine University（特莱恩大学）；Yantai University（烟台大学）；University of Electronic Science and Technology of China（电子科技大学）；Northern Arizona University（北亚利桑那大学）；University of Aberdeen（阿伯丁大学）
Motion planning in environments with multiple agents is critical to many important autonomous applications such as autonomous vehicles and assistive robots. This paper considers the problem of motion planning, where the controlled agent shares the environment with multiple uncontrolled agents. First, a predictive model of the uncontrolled agents is trained to predict all possible trajectories within a short horizon based on the scenario. The prediction is then fed to a motion planning module based on model predictive control. We proved generalization bound for the predictive model using three …
National Institute of Informatics（国立信息学研究所）；Hunan University（湖南大学）
In the path planning problem of autonomous application, the existing studies separately consider the path planning and trajectory tracking control of the autonomous vehicle and few of them have integrated the trajectory planning and trajectory control together. To fill in this research gap, this study proposes an integrated trajectory planning and trajectory control method. This paper also studies the collision avoidance problem of autonomous by considering static and dynamic obstacles. Simulation results have been presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed control method.
In this paper, we tackle the problem of Unmanned Aerial (UA V) path planning in complex and uncertain environments by designing a Model Predictive Control (MPC), based on a Long-Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network integrated into the Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient algorithm. In the proposed solution, LSTM-MPC operates as a deterministic policy within the DDPG network, and it leverages a predicting pool to store predicted future states and actions for improved robustness and efficiency. The use of the predicting pool also enables the initialization of the critic network, leading to improved co…
One of the fundamental challenges in realizing the potential of legged robots is generating plans to traverse challenging terrains. Control actions must be carefully selected so the robot will not crash or slip. The high dimensionality of the joint space makes directly planning low-level actions from onboard perception difficult, and control stacks that do not consider the low-level mechanisms of the robot in planning are ill-suited to handle fine-grained obstacles. One method for dealing with this is selecting footstep locations based on terrain characteristics. However, incorporating robot d…
Kinodynamic Motion Planning (KMP) is to find a robot motion subject to concurrent kinematics and dynamics constraints. To date, quite a few methods solve KMP problems and those that exist struggle to find near-optimal solutions and exhibit high computational complexity as the planning space dimensionality increases. To address these challenges, we present a scalable, imitation learning-based, Model-Predictive Motion Planning Networks framework that quickly finds near-optimal path solutions with worst-case theoretical guarantees under kinodynamic constraints for practical underactuated systems.…
Agile & Dexterous Robotics Lab, ETH Zürich（苏黎世联邦理工学院敏捷与灵巧机器人实验室）
We introduce a real-time, constrained, nonlinear Model Predictive Control for the motion planning of legged robots. The proposed approach uses a constrained optimal control algorithm known as SLQ. We improve the efficiency of this algorithm by introducing a multi-processing scheme for estimating value function in its backward pass. This pass has been often calculated as a single process. This parallel SLQ algorithm can optimize longer time horizons without proportional increase in its computation time. Thus, our MPC algorithm can generate optimized trajectories for the next few phases of the m…
Beijing Research Institute of UBTECH Robotics（优必选机器人北京研究院）；Tsinghua University（清华大学）
The planning of whole-body motion and step time for bipedal locomotion is constructed as a model predictive control (MPC) problem, in which a sequence of optimization problems needs to be solved online. While directly solving these problems is extremely time-consuming, we propose a predictive gait synthesizer to offer immediate solutions. Based on the full-dimensional model, a library of gaits with different speeds and periods is first constructed offline. Then the proposed gait synthesizer generates real-time gaits at 1kHz by synthesizing the gait library based on the online prediction of cen…
Tandon School of Engineering, New York University（纽约大学坦登工程学院）；Max-Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems（马克斯·普朗克智能系统研究所）；Oxford Robotics Institute, University of Oxford（牛津大学牛津机器人研究所）
Online planning of whole-body motions for legged robots is challenging due to the inherent nonlinearity in the robot dynamics. In this work, we propose a nonlinear MPC framework, the BiConMP which can generate whole body trajectories online by efficiently exploiting the structure of the robot dynamics. BiConMP is used to generate various cyclic gaits on a real quadruped robot and its performance is evaluated on different terrain, countering unforeseen pushes and transitioning online between different gaits. Further, the ability of BiConMP to generate non-trivial acyclic whole-body dynamic moti…
Seoul National University（首尔大学）；Automation and Systems Research Institute（自动化与系统研究院）
Automation of excavation tasks requires real-time trajectory planning satisfying various constraints. To guarantee both constraint feasibility and real-time trajectory re-plannability, we present an integrated framework for real-time optimization-based trajectory planning of a hydraulic excavator. The proposed framework is composed of two main modules: a global planner and a real-time local planner. The global planner computes the entire global trajectory considering excavation volume and energy minimization while the local counterpart tracks the global trajectory in a receding horizon manner,…
Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia（意大利理工学院）；Università degli Studi di Genova（热那亚大学）；Google DeepMind（谷歌DeepMind）
A common approach to the generation of walking patterns for humanoid robots consists in adopting a layered control architecture. This paper proposes an architecture composed of three nested control loops. The outer loop exploits a robot kinematic model to plan the footstep positions. In the mid layer, a predictive controller generates a Center of Mass trajectory according to the well-known table-cart model. Through a whole-body inverse kinematics algorithm, we can define joint references for position controlled walking. The outcomes of these two loops are then interpreted as inputs of a stack-…
Dynamic Systems Lab（动态系统实验室）；Institute for Aerospace Studies（航空航天研究所）；University of Toronto（多伦多大学）
We present a distributed model predictive control (DMPC) algorithm to generate trajectories in real-time for multiple robots. We adopted the \textit{on-demand collision avoidance} method presented in previous work to efficiently compute non-colliding trajectories in transition tasks. An event-triggered replanning strategy is proposed to account for disturbances. Our simulation results show that the proposed collision avoidance method can reduce, on average, around 50% of the travel time required to complete a multi-agent point-to-point transition when compared to the well-studied Buffered Voro…
Energy-efficient Hybrid Model Predictive Trajectory Planning for Autonomous Electric Vehicles
School of Information Technology, Monash University Malaysia（马来西亚莫纳什大学信息技术学院）；School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia（马来西亚莫纳什大学工程学院）；Institute for Infocomm Research, A*STAR（新加坡科研局信息通信研究所）；National Science Library, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院国家科学图书馆）
Safe Reinforcement Learning with a Predictive Safety Filter for Motion Planning and Control: A Drifting Vehicle Example
State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Zhejiang University（浙江大学工业控制技术国家重点实验室）；Professorship of Autonomous Vehicle Systems, Technical University of Munich（慕尼黑工业大学自主车辆系统教授职位）
Autonomous agents such as self-driving cars or parcel robots need to recognize and avoid possible collisions with obstacles in order to move successfully in their environment. Humans, however, have learned to predict movements intuitively and to avoid obstacles in a forward-looking way. The task of collision avoidance can be divided into a global and a local level. Regarding the global level, we propose an approach called "Predictive Collision Management Path Planning" (PCMP). At the local level, solutions for collision avoidance are used that prevent an inevitable collision. Therefore, the ai…
Data-Driven Predictive Planning and Control for Aerial 3D Inspection with Back-face Elimination
KIOS Research and Innovation Centre of Excellence (KIOS CoE)（KIOS研究与创新中心（KIOS卓越中心））；Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Cyprus（电子与计算机工程系，塞浦路斯大学）
