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arXiv 2212.04693astro-ph.GAastro-ph.CO
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利用当前和未来巡天数据通过矮星系约束黑洞种子与生长模型

Constraints from dwarf galaxies on black hole seeding and growth models with current and future surveys

Urmila Chadayammuri, Akos Bogdan, Angelo Ricarte, Priyamvada Natarajan

AI总结:

本研究利用半解析模型分析矮星系黑洞占据比例,发现当前X射线观测支持遵循幂律爱丁顿比分布的重种子模型,并为未来多波段巡天设计提供优化建议。

摘要:

矮星系是约束超大质量和中等质量黑洞(MBH)模型的有力测试平台,可通过其黑洞占据比例(BHOF)来实现。在一个哈勃时间内将种子形成与质量组装的混淆效应区分开来是一个具有挑战性的问题,我们在本研究中通过一套半解析模型(SAMs)来解决。我们展示了测得的BHOF如何依赖于巡天所能达到的最低黑洞质量或AGN光度。为了区分种子模型,我们需要探测或建模恒星质量 $M_* \sim 10^{8-10} \\ \rm{M_{\odot}}$ 星系中光度高于 $10^{37}\\ \rm{erg \\ s^{-1}}$ 的所有AGN。像eRASS这样较浅的巡天,即使以大得多的巡天体积作为补偿,也无法区分种子模型。我们表明,AMUSE巡天通过对观测到的AGN背后的MBH群进行推断,强烈倾向于重种子模型,其生长方式遵循幂律爱丁顿比分布函数(ERDF)或黑洞吸积与恒星形成率相关联(AGN-MS)。这两种生长通道随后可通过 $> 10^{40}\\ \rm{erg \\ s^{-1}}$ 的AGN光度函数加以区分,其中AGN-MS模型在 z $\sim$ 0 时所需的吸积量高于观测值。因此,当前的X射线观测倾向于爱丁顿比遵循幂律分布的重种子。不同模型还预测了不同的射电标度关系,我们利用黑洞活动基本面对其进行了量化。最后,我们为即将到来的多波段巡天设计提出了建议,以最佳方式探测矮星系中的MBH。

英文摘要:

Dwarf galaxies are promising test beds for constraining models of supermassive and intermediate-mass black holes (MBH) via their black hole occupation fraction (BHOF). Disentangling seeding from the confounding effects of mass assembly over a Hubble time is a challenging problem, that we tackle in this study with a suite of semi-analytical models (SAMs). We show how measured BHOF depends on the lowest black hole mass or AGN luminosity achieved by a survey. To tell seeding models apart, we need to detect or model all AGN brighter than $10^{37}\ \rm{erg \ s^{-1}}$ in galaxies of $M_* \sim 10^{8-10} \ \rm{M_{\odot}}$. Shallower surveys, like eRASS, cannot distinguish between seed models even with the compensation of a much larger survey volume. We show that the AMUSE survey, with its inference of the MBH population underlying the observed AGN, strongly favors heavy seed models, growing with either a power-law Eddington Ratio Distribution Function (ERDF) or one in which black hole accretion is tagged to the star-formation rate (AGN-MS). These two growth channels can then be distinguished by the AGN luminosity function at $> 10^{40}\ \rm{erg \ s^{-1}}$, with the AGN-MS model requiring more accretion than observed at z $\sim$ 0. Thus, current X-ray observations favour heavy seeds whose Eddington ratios follow a power-law distribution. The different models also predict different radio scaling relations, which we quantify using the fundamental plane of black hole activity. We close with recommendations for the design of upcoming multi-wavelength campaigns that can optimally detect MBHs in dwarf galaxies.

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