Dwarf galaxies are promising test beds for constraining models of supermassive and intermediate-mass black holes (MBH) via their black hole occupation fraction (BHOF). Disentangling seeding from the confounding effects of mass assembly over a Hubble time is a challenging problem, that we tackle in this study with a suite of semi-analytical models (SAMs). We show how measured BHOF depends on the lowest black hole mass or AGN luminosity achieved by a survey. To tell seeding models apart, we need to detect or model all AGN brighter than $10^{37}\ \rm{erg \ s^{-1}}$ in galaxies of $M_* \sim 10^{8-10} \ \rm{M_{\odot}}$. Shallower surveys, like eRASS, cannot distinguish between seed models even with the compensation of a much larger survey volume. We show that the AMUSE survey, with its inference of the MBH population underlying the observed AGN, strongly favors heavy seed models, growing with either a power-law Eddington Ratio Distribution Function (ERDF) or one in which black hole accretion is tagged to the star-formation rate (AGN-MS). These two growth channels can then be distinguished by the AGN luminosity function at $> 10^{40}\ \rm{erg \ s^{-1}}$, with the AGN-MS model requiring more accretion than observed at z $\sim$ 0. Thus, current X-ray observations favour heavy seeds whose Eddington ratios follow a power-law distribution. The different models also predict different radio scaling relations, which we quantify using the fundamental plane of black hole activity. We close with recommendations for the design of upcoming multi-wavelength campaigns that can optimally detect MBHs in dwarf galaxies.
The SEEDZ Simulations: Methodology and First Results on Massive Black Hole Seeding and Early Galaxy Growth
Maynooth University(梅努斯大学);Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik(马克斯·普朗克天体物理研究所);University of Cambridge(剑桥大学);Universität Heidelberg(海德堡大学);Georgia Institute of Technology(佐治亚理工学院);University College Cork(科克大学);Cardiff University(卡迪夫大学);University of Edinburgh(爱丁堡大学)
A two-phase model of galaxy formation: IV. Seeding and growing supermassive black holes in dark matter halos
Nanjing University(南京大学);Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics, Nanjing University, Ministry of Education(南京大学现代天文与天体物理教育部重点实验室);University of Science and Technology of China(中国科学技术大学);Department of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts, Amherst(美国马萨诸塞大学阿默斯特分校天文学系)
ACORN I. Massive Black Hole Seeding and Tidal Disruption Events from Star Clusters in Cosmological Simulations
Carnegie Mellon University(卡内基梅隆大学);UCLA(加州大学洛杉矶分校);University of Virginia(弗吉尼亚大学);Universidade de Santiago de Compostela(圣地亚哥德孔波斯特拉大学);University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill(北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校);Northwestern University(西北大学);University of Florida(佛罗里达大学)
First results of AMBRA: Abundant Seeds and Early Mergers as a Pathway to the First Massive Black Holes
Carnegie Mellon University(卡内基梅隆大学);University of Virginia(弗吉尼亚大学);Virginia Institute for Theoretical Astronomy, University of Virginia(弗吉尼亚大学理论天体物理研究所);University of Florida(佛罗里达大学);University of California, Riverside(加州大学河滨分校);Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics(哈佛-史密森尼天体物理中心)
A Dark-matter Origin of Little Red Dots: Early Seeding and Super-Bondi Accretion
Peking University(北京大学);Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University(北京大学科维理天文与天体物理研究所);Beijing Normal University(北京师范大学);School of Physics and Astronomy, Beijing Normal University(北京师范大学物理学院);University of Chinese Academy of Sciences(中国科学院大学);School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences(中国科学院大学天文与空间科学学院)
The formation of supermassive black holes from Population III.1 seeds. IV. Self-regulated seeding from supermassive star ionizing feedback
Chalmers University of Technology(查尔姆斯理工大学);INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera(意大利国家天体物理研究所布雷拉天文台);University of Modena & Reggio Emilia(摩德纳与雷焦艾米利亚大学);University of Oxford(牛津大学);University of Memphis(孟菲斯大学);Center for Astrophysics, Harvard and Smithsonian(哈佛史密松天体物理中心);Università degli Studi di Trieste(的里雅斯特大学);INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste(意大利国家天体物理研究所的里雅斯特天文台);INFN, Sezione di Trieste(意大利国家核物理研究所的里雅斯特分部)
The MandelZoom project II: the impact of stellar feedback on black hole accretion through an $α$-disc in dwarf galaxies with a resolved interstellar medium
Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge(剑桥大学天文学研究所);Kavli Institute for Cosmology, University of Cambridge(剑桥大学卡弗里宇宙学研究所);Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik(马克斯·普朗克天体物理学研究所);Centre for Astrophysics Research, Department of Physics, Astronomy and Mathematics, University of Hertfordshire(赫特福德大学物理、天文与数学系天体物理研究中心);St Catharine’s College, University of Cambridge(剑桥大学圣凯瑟琳学院)
LYRA: The formation and growth of nuclear star clusters in dwarf galaxies
Durham University(杜伦大学);Stockholm University(斯德哥尔摩大学);European Southern Observatory(欧洲南方天文台);University of Hawaii(夏威夷大学);University of Vienna(维也纳大学);Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik(马克斯·普朗克天体物理学研究所)
Small hosts, big appetites: unveiling rapid and early low-mass black hole growth in cosmological zoom-in simulations of dwarf galaxies
Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge(剑桥大学天文学研究所);Kavli Institute for Cosmology, Cambridge, University of Cambridge(剑桥大学卡弗里宇宙学研究所);Centre for Astrophysics Research, Department of Physics, Astronomy and Mathematics, University of Hertfordshire(赫特福德大学物理、天文与数学系天体物理研究中心);Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge(剑桥大学卡文迪许实验室)
Intermediate-mass black hole seeding in galactic nuclei from star cluster migration
Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie(马克斯·普朗克天文学研究所);Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CY Cergy Paris Université(巴黎天文台,巴黎文理研究大学,法国国家科学研究中心,索邦大学,巴黎西岱大学,塞吉-蓬图瓦兹大学);Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Heidelberg(海德堡大学物理与天文学院);Gran Sasso Science Institute(格兰萨索科学研究所);INFN - Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso(意大利国家核物理研究所-格兰萨索国家实验室);INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma(意大利国家天体物理研究所-罗马天文台)
On the Last 10 Billion Years of Stellar Mass Growth in Star-Forming Galaxies
恒星形成率-恒星质量关系(SFR-M*)及其演化(即,SFR主序)描述了给定恒星质量和给定红移的星系的增长率。假设现在的恒星形成星系在过去总是恒星形成的,这些增长率观测可以被整合来计算平均恒星形成历史(SFH)。使用这种主序列积分(MSI)方法,我们可以追溯到现在的大质量恒星形成星系,当它们是当前恒星质量的10-20%时。在这些时期的整合是强大的:支持我们的计算的SFR数据是一致的恒星质量密度在这个政权的演变。这些SFH的分析近似。基于积分的结果重申了以前的建议,即目前的恒星形成星系形成几乎所有的恒星质量在z <2. It follows that massive galaxies observed at z>2不是典型的祖先恒星形成星系今天。我们还检查基于MSI的SFH对那些从化石记录的分析推断-从光谱能量分布(SED)的恒星形成星系在斯隆数字巡天,和色星等图(CMD)的矮不规则星系解决恒星。一旦考虑到恒星星族年龄的不确定性,主序列与基于SED的SFH(来自VESPA)非常一致。外推SFR主序星观测到矮星系,我们发现的ACS附近的星系巡天金库和本星系群星系的CMD分析的MSI结果和SFH之间的差异。解析出的矮星系似乎比主序列趋势所暗示的要慢得多,也比质量稍高的SED分析星系慢。这种差异可能标志着SFH测定的问题,但它也可能标志着在最低恒星质量下恒星形成趋势的转变。
BAQARO: Tracing Stochastic Black Hole Growth Histories and Quasar Lightcurves in a Cosmological Context
Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian(天体物理中心 | 哈佛与史密森尼学会);Leiden Observatory, Leiden University(莱顿天文台,莱顿大学);Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara(加州大学圣塔芭芭拉分校物理系)
Princeton University(普林斯顿大学);Flatiron Institute(平顿研究所);Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey(新泽西州立罗格斯大学);University of Washington(华盛顿大学);McMaster University(麦克马斯特大学);University of Memphis(孟菲斯大学)