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arXiv 2212.01397astro-ph.GA
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银河系核星团的恒星形成历史

The Star Formation History of the Milky Way's Nuclear Star Cluster

Zhuo Chen, Tuan Do, Andrea M. Ghez, Matthew Hosek, Anja Feldmeier-Krause, Devin Chu, Rory Bentley, Jessica R. Lu, Mark R. Morris

摘要:

我们报告的第一个恒星形成的历史研究银河系的核星团(NSC),其中包括从大样本的恒星金属丰度测量的观测约束。这些金属丰度测量是从双子座和VLT最近对中心1.5 pc内的770颗晚型恒星的调查中获得的。这些金属丰度测量,连同光度测定和光谱导出的温度,正演模拟贝叶斯推理方法。包括金属丰度测量提高了整体拟合质量,因为以前难以约束的低温红巨星现在被考虑在内,并且最佳拟合有利于双组分模型。占主导地位的成分含有93%的$\pm$ 3%的质量,富含金属($\overline{[M/H]}\sim$ 0.45),年龄为5 $^{+3}_{-2}$ Gyr,比早期研究的固定(太阳)金属丰度年轻$\sim$ 3 Gyr;这个年轻的年龄挑战了NSC和超大质量黑洞在早期同时形成的共同进化模型。次要星族成分的金属丰度较低($\overline{[M/H]}\sim$ -1.1),含有恒星质量的$\sim$ 7%。次要部件的年龄不确定(0.1 - 5 Gyr)。利用估计的参数,我们推断出NSC恒星残骸的星群($\sim$的不确定度为18%):1.5颗$\times$ 10 $^5$中子星,2.5颗$\times$ 10 $^5$恒星质量黑洞(BH)和2.2颗$\times$ 10 $^4$ BH-BH双星。这些预测导致中子星比早期假设太阳金属丰度的预测少2-4倍,为理解所谓的“失踪脉冲星问题”引入了一条可能的新途径。最后,我们提出了BH-BH合并率的最新预测(0.01-3 Gpc $^{-3}$ yr $^{-1}$)。

英文摘要:

We report the first star formation history study of the Milky Way's nuclear star cluster (NSC) that includes observational constraints from a large sample of stellar metallicity measurements. These metallicity measurements were obtained from recent surveys from Gemini and VLT of 770 late-type stars within the central 1.5 pc. These metallicity measurements, along with photometry and spectroscopically derived temperatures, are forward modeled with a Bayesian inference approach. Including metallicity measurements improves the overall fit quality, as the low-temperature red giants that were previously difficult to constrain are now accounted for, and the best fit favors a two-component model. The dominant component contains 93%$\pm$3% of the mass, is metal-rich ($\overline{[M/H]}\sim$0.45), and has an age of 5$^{+3}_{-2}$ Gyr, which is $\sim$3 Gyr younger than earlier studies with fixed (solar) metallicity; this younger age challenges co-evolutionary models in which the NSC and supermassive black holes formed simultaneously at early times. The minor population component has low metallicity ($\overline{[M/H]}\sim$ -1.1) and contains $\sim$7% of the stellar mass. The age of the minor component is uncertain (0.1 - 5 Gyr old). Using the estimated parameters, we infer the following NSC stellar remnant population (with $\sim$18% uncertainty): 1.5$\times$10$^5$ neutron stars, 2.5$\times$10$^5$ stellar mass black holes (BHs) and 2.2$\times$10$^4$ BH-BH binaries. These predictions result in 2-4 times fewer neutron stars compared to earlier predictions that assume solar metallicity, introducing a possible new path to understand the so-called "missing pulsar problem". Finally, we present updated predictions for the BH-BH merger rates (0.01-3 Gpc$^{-3}$yr$^{-1}$).

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