正比计数器与微通道板
Proportional counters and microchannel plates
AI总结：
本文介绍了正比计数器与微通道板探测器的原理、性能特征及其在X射线天文学中的重要应用，并指出GEM等新技术在X射线偏振测量中的发展前景。
摘要：
正比计数器（proportional counter）于1940年代太空时代伊始研发，是X射线天文学中使用的首个探测器，并在近四十年间作为主力设备。尽管此类探测器的原理看似简单，但随着时间的推移，其性能得到了显著提升，在轨道环境下的使用寿命也大幅延长。尤其是位置灵敏正比计数器的发明，提供了鉴别背景的新颖且复杂的方法，从而实现了对更微弱源的观测。\n1970年代微通道板（MCP）探测器的出现，在位置分辨率上实现了飞跃。与气体探测器不同，它们没有可观的能量分辨率，但具备低至几十微米的空间分辨率，完美契合了当时新兴的掠入射成像X射线望远镜的角分辨率。\n即使在今天，这两类探测器在空间天文学中依然具有相关性。然而，对于MCP，新的发展集中在远紫外和极紫外波长范围，而Chandra X射线天文台很可能是将这项技术应用于X射线的最后一次任务。相比之下，采用气体电子倍增器（GEM）箔和微图案读出的紧凑型探测器目前正针对软X射线范围进行密集开发，因为它们首次允许在宽能量范围内测量X射线偏振。\n本章介绍了正比计数器和MCP探测器的原理，强调了各自的性能特征，并总结了它们在X射线天文学中最重要的应用。
英文摘要：
Developed right at the beginning of the space age in the 1940s, the proportional counter was the first detector used in X-ray astronomy and stayed its workhorse for almost four decades. Although the principle of such a detector seems to be rather simple, over time it underwent considerable performance improvements and the lifetime under orbital conditions was extended tremendously. Particularly the invention of position-sensitive proportional counters provided new and sophisticated methods to discriminate background and thus enabled observations of much weaker sources. A leap forward in position resolution was achieved with the advent of microchannel plate (MCP) detectors in the 1970s. In contrary to gas filled detectors, they provide no considerable energy resolution but feature spatial resolutions reaching down to a few tens of micrometers, fitting ideally the angular resolution of the novel grazing incidence imaging X-ray telescopes upcoming at that time. Even today, both types of detectors are still relevant in space-based astronomy. However, in case of MCPs new developments focus on the far and extreme ultraviolet wavelength range, while the Chandra X-ray observatory is most likely the last mission applying this technology for X-rays. In contrast, compact detectors with gas electron multiplier (GEM) foils and micropattern readout are currently under heavy development for the soft X-ray range, since they allow for the first time to measure polarization in X-rays over a broad energy range. This chapter presents the principles of proportional counters and MCP detectors, highlights the respective performance characteristics, and summarizes their most important applications in X-ray astronomy.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
