SealClub：计算机辅助纸质文件认证
SealClub: Computer-aided Paper Document Authentication
摘要：
数字认证是一个成熟的领域，提供了一系列具有严格数学保证的解决方案。然而，由于可用性和法律原因，密码技术不能直接应用的纸质文档仍然被广泛使用。我们提出了一种新的方法来验证使用智能手机的纸质文档，通过采取他们的短视频。我们的解决方案结合了加密和图像比较技术，以检测和突出对包含文本和图形的丰富文档的微妙语义变化攻击，这些攻击可能会被人类忽视。我们严格分析我们的方法，证明它是安全的，对强大的对手能够损害不同的系统组件。我们还在一组128个纸质文档的视频上凭经验测量其准确性，其中一半包含微妙的伪造。我们的算法在平均分析5.13帧（对应于1.28秒的视频）后准确地找到所有forecast（无误报）。突出显示的区域足够大，用户可以看到，但又足够小，可以精确定位目标。因此，我们的方法为用户提供了一个很有前途的方式来验证纸质文档使用传统的智能手机在现实条件下。
英文摘要：
Digital authentication is a mature field, offering a range of solutions with rigorous mathematical guarantees. Nevertheless, paper documents, where cryptographic techniques are not directly applicable, are still widely utilized due to usability and legal reasons. We propose a novel approach to authenticating paper documents using smartphones by taking short videos of them. Our solution combines cryptographic and image comparison techniques to detect and highlight subtle semantic-changing attacks on rich documents, containing text and graphics, that could go unnoticed by humans. We rigorously analyze our approach, proving that it is secure against strong adversaries capable of compromising different system components. We also measure its accuracy empirically on a set of 128 videos of paper documents, half containing subtle forgeries. Our algorithm finds all forgeries accurately (no false alarms) after analyzing 5.13 frames on average (corresponding to 1.28 seconds of video). Highlighted regions are large enough to be visible to users, but small enough to precisely locate forgeries. Thus, our approach provides a promising way for users to authenticate paper documents using conventional smartphones under realistic conditions.
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