空间等离子体物理：综述
Space Plasma Physics: A Review
AI总结：
本文系统综述了空间等离子体物理与空间天气的核心过程，重点涵盖太阳活动、太阳风、磁层-电离层耦合及行星际现象，旨在提供该领域的全景式认识。
摘要：
由于始终存在的太阳风，我们广袤的太阳系充满了等离子体。湍动的太阳风与偶发的太阳爆发一起，在太阳大气中直至地球电离层和大气层引入各种空间等离子体过程与现象，并向外与星际介质相互作用，形成日球层顶和终止激波。过去65年间，空间等离子体物理取得了显著进展，主要得益于通过星载卫星仪器对等离子体、等离子体波、中性粒子、高能粒子和尘埃进行的精细原位测量。此外，高技术地面仪器也带来了对太阳和极光特征新的、更深入的认识。由此，空间物理的一个新分支——空间天气——应运而生，因为许多空间物理过程对人类有直接或间接的影响。在简要回顾火箭和卫星出现之前的重大空间物理发现之后，我们旨在综述我们对冕洞、太阳耀斑和日冕物质抛射的最新理解，这些现象是地球空间天气事件的核心；同时综述太阳风、磁暴和亚暴、磁尾与亚暴，强调磁尾在亚暴动力学中的作用；辐射带/高能磁层粒子、电离层中的结构与空间天气动力学、等离子体波、不稳定性和波粒相互作用、长周期地磁脉动、极光、地磁感应电流（GICs）、行星磁层以及太阳风/恒星风与彗星、卫星和小行星的相互作用、行星际间断面、激波与波、行星际尘埃、空间尘埃等离子体以及太阳高能粒子和激波，包括日球层终止激波。本文旨在提供空间物理和空间天气的全景式视角。
英文摘要：
Owing to the ever-present solar wind, our vast solar system is full of plasmas. The turbulent solar wind, together with sporadic solar eruptions, introduces various space plasma processes and phenomena in the solar atmosphere all the way to the Earth's ionosphere and atmosphere and outward to interact with the interstellar media to form the heliopause and termination shock. Remarkable progress has been made in space plasma physics in the last 65 years, mainly due to sophisticated in-situ measurements of plasmas, plasma waves, neutral particles, energetic particles, and dust via space-borne satellite instrumentation. Additionally high technology ground-based instrumentation has led to new and greater knowledge of solar and auroral features. As a result, a new branch of space physics, i.e., space weather, has emerged since many of the space physics processes have a direct or indirect influence on humankind. After briefly reviewing the major space physics discoveries before rockets and satellites, we aim to review all our updated understanding on coronal holes, solar flares and coronal mass ejections, which are central to space weather events at Earth, solar wind, storms and substorms, magnetotail and substorms, emphasizing the role of the magnetotail in substorm dynamics, radiation belts/energetic magnetospheric particles, structures and space weather dynamics in the ionosphere, plasma waves, instabilities, and wave-particle interactions, long-period geomagnetic pulsations, auroras, geomagnetically induced currents (GICs), planetary magnetospheres and solar/stellar wind interactions with comets, moons and asteroids, interplanetary discontinuities, shocks and waves, interplanetary dust, space dusty plasmas and solar energetic particles and shocks, including the heliospheric termination shock. This paper is aimed to provide a panoramic view of space physics and space weather.
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