来自T1-weighted MRI的伪CT用于低强度经颅聚焦超声神经调节的计划：一种开源工具
Pseudo-CTs from T1-weighted MRI for planning of low-intensity transcranial focused ultrasound neuromodulation: an open-source tool
摘要：
工作背景：在低强度经颅超声刺激（TUS）研究中规划预期的经颅超声声场并估计机械和热安全性时，骨密度和几何形状的个体颅骨模型非常重要。计算机断层成像（CT）图像通常用于估计颅骨声学特性。然而，由于暴露于电离辐射和研究组内有限的CT扫描仪，在研究参与者中获得CT图像可能是禁止的。目的：我们为研究人员提供了一个经过验证的开源工具，可以从T1加权MR图像中获得个体颅骨估计值，用于声学模拟。方法：我们改进了先前训练和验证的3D卷积神经网络（CNN），以生成100 keV的伪CT。该网络在110名个体上进行了预训练，并在37名健康对照个体的数据库上进行了改进和测试。我们将基于参考CT的模拟与基于我们的伪CT和二元颅骨掩模的模拟进行了比较，二元颅骨掩模是在没有CT的情况下的常见替代方案。结果如下：与参考CT相比，我们的CNN产生的伪CT在整个头部的平均绝对误差为109.8 +/- 13.0 HU，在颅骨中为319.3 +/- 31.9 HU。在声学模拟中，基于参考CT和伪CT（分别为0.48 +/- 0.04 MPa和0.50 +/- 0.04 MPa）的模拟的局灶压力在统计学上相等，但二元颅骨面罩（0.28 +/- 0.05 MPa）的局灶压力不相等。结论：我们表明，我们的网络可以产生与健康个体的参考CT相当的伪CT，并且这些可以用于声学模拟。
英文摘要：
Background: Individual skull models of bone density and geometry are important when planning the expected transcranial ultrasound acoustic field and estimating mechanical and thermal safety in low-intensity transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS) studies. Computed tomography (CT) images have typically been used to estimate skull acoustic properties. However, obtaining CT images in research participants may be prohibitive due to exposure to ionising radiation and limited access to CT scanners within research groups. Objective: We present a validated open-source tool for researchers to obtain individual skull estimates from T1-weighted MR images, for use in acoustic simulations. Methods: We refined a previously trained and validated 3D convolutional neural network (CNN) to generate 100 keV pseudo-CTs. The network was pretrained on 110 individuals and refined and tested on a database of 37 healthy control individuals. We compared simulations based on reference CTs to simulations based on our pseudo-CTs and binary skull masks, a common alternative in the absence of CT. Results: Compared with reference CTs, our CNN produced pseudo-CTs with a mean absolute error of 109.8 +/- 13.0 HU across the whole head and 319.3 +/- 31.9 HU in the skull. In acoustic simulations, the focal pressure was statistically equivalent for simulations based on reference CT and pseudo-CT (0.48 +/- 0.04 MPa and 0.50 +/- 0.04 MPa respectively) but not for binary skull masks (0.28 +/- 0.05 MPa). Conclusions: We show that our network can produce pseudo-CT comparable to reference CTs in healthy individuals, and that these can be used in acoustic simulations.
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