The recently discovered high energy emission from the recurrent nova RS Ophiuchi by Fermi-LAT ($>$ 100 MeV), H.E.S.S. and MAGIC ($>$ 100 GeV), hints towards a possible hadronic origin of this radiation component. From the observed high energy photon flux we derive the expected number of neutrino events that could be detected by present and future neutrino telescopes in the different energy ranges. We find that both hadronic and leptonic processes remain valid interpretations for this $ \ gamma $ emission. Preliminary estimates indicate that with the "next-generation" instrument IceCube-Gen2, the expected number of neutrino detections from Galactic novae is of the order of $\sim $ once per decade. Given the current uncertainties in the frequency of the occurrence of nova outbursts, the detection rate may possibly increase to up to once every $\sim $ three years.
The First Multi-Messenger Nova: External Shocks, TeV Photons, and Neutrinos in the Next Eruption of T CrB
Texas Tech University（德克萨斯理工大学）；Michigan State University（密歇根州立大学）；Naval Research Laboratory（海军研究实验室）；INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte（意大利国家天体物理研究所卡波迪蒙特天文台）；National Radio Astronomy Observatory（美国国家射电天文台）；Columbia University（哥伦比亚大学）；Flatiron Institute（平顶山研究所）；University of Virginia（弗吉尼亚大学）；NASA/GSFC（美国宇航局戈达德太空飞行中心）；University of Maryland, Baltimore County（马里兰大学巴尔的摩县分校）；University of California, Berkeley（加州大学伯克利分校）
Multi-messenger astronomy is a vast and expanding field as electromagnetic observations (EM) are no longer the only way of exploring the Universe. Due to the new messengers, astrophysical events with both gravitational waves (GWs) and EM emission are no longer a dream of the astronomical community. A breakthrough for GW multi-messenger astronomy came when the LIGO-Virgo network detected a GW signal of two low-mass compact objects consistent with a binary neutron star (BNS, GW170817) an event that generated a short gamma-ray burst (GRBs) and a kilonova. While GW170817 represents the testimony t…
Active galactic nuclei (AGN) with relativistic jets, powered by gas accretion onto their central supermassive black hole (SMBH), are unique laboratories for studying the physics of matter and elementary particles in extreme conditions that cannot be realized on Earth. For a long time since the discovery of AGN, photons were the only way to probe the underlying physical processes. The recent discovery of a very high energy neutrino, IceCube-170922A, coincident with a flaring blazar, TXS 0506+056, provides the first evidence that AGN jets are multi-messenger sources; they are capable of accelera…
The Square Kilometre Array (SKA) is an integral part of the next-generation observatories that will survey the Universe across the electromagnetic spectrum, and beyond, revolutionizing our view of fundamental physics, astrophysics and cosmology. Owing to their extreme nature and clock-like properties, pulsars discovered and monitored by SKA will enable a broad range of scientific endeavour and play a key role in this quest. This chapter summarizes the pulsar-related science goals that will be reached with coordinated efforts among SKA and other next-generation astronomical facilities.
We study the interface effects of quark-hadron mixed phase in compact stars. The properties of nuclear matter are obtained based on the relativistic-mean-field model. For the quark phase, we adopt perturbation model with running quark masses and coupling constant. At certain choices of parameter sets, it is found that varying the quark-hadron interface tension will have sizable effects on the radii ($ΔR \approx 600$ m) and tidal deformabilities ($ΔΛ/Λ\approx 50\%$) of hybrid stars. These provide possibilities for us to constrain the quark-hadron interface tension with future gravitational wave…
Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) associated with gravitational wave events are, and will likely continue to be, viewed at a larger inclination than GRBs without gravitational wave detections. As demonstrated by the afterglow of GW170817, this requires an extension of the common GRB afterglow models which typically assume emission from an on-axis top hat jet. We present a characterization of the afterglows arising from structured jets, providing a framework covering both successful and choked jets. We compute new closure relations for structured jets and compare with the established relations for energy…
We investigate the expected radio emission from short GRBs, guided by the observed distributions of their afterglow parameters. Our motivation is to explore the radio signatures of the forward and reverse shock in a sGRB jet, as well as the off-axis jet component and radio emission from the dynamical ejecta. We estimate the fraction of GRBs detectable in the radio that may be coincident with a GW signal from a neutron star (NS) merger. At the distance to which aLIGO at design specification is sensitive to GWs from NS mergers, we may detect up to 20 % of off-axis jet radio components of these e…
This white paper is a summarising report of the Forum on monitoring the transient X-ray Universe in the multi-messenger era organized by the International Space Science Institute in Beijing (ISSI-BJ) on May 6-7, 2014. Time-domain astronomy will enter a golden era towards the end of this decade with the advent of major facilities across the electromagnetic spectrum and in the multi-messenger realms of gravitational wave and neutrino. In the soft X-ray regime, the novel micro-pore lobster-eye optics provides a promising technology to realise, for the first time, focusing X-ray optics for wide-an…
The Burst Observer and Optical Transient Exploring System (BOOTES) was first designed as an asset of autonomous telescopes that started to be deployed in 1998, taking 24 years to be fully developed around the Earth. Nowadays BOOTES has became a global network of robotic telescopes, being the first one present in all continents, as of 2022. Here we present the details of the network and review its achievements over the last two decades regarding follow-up observations of high-energy transient events. Moreover, considering the recent operations of neutrino and gravitational wave detectors, some …
The discovery by Advanced LIGO/Virgo of gravitational waves from the binary neutron star (NS) merger GW170817, and subsequently by astronomers of transient counterparts across the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum, has initiated the era of multi-messenger astronomy. Given the slew of papers appearing on this event, I thought it useful to summarize the EM discoveries in the context of theoretical models and present my views on the major take-away lessons from this watershed event. The weak GRB discovered in close time coincidence with GW170817, and potential evidence for a more powerful off-axis re…
We introduce a value-added full-sky catalogue of galaxies, named as Galaxy List for the Advanced Detector Era, or GLADE. The purpose of this catalogue is to (i) help identifications of host candidates for gravitational-wave events, (ii) support target selections for electromagnetic follow-up observations of gravitational-wave candidates, (iii) provide input data on the matter distribution of the local universe for astrophysical or cosmological simulations, and (iv) help identifications of host candidates for poorly localised electromagnetic transients, such as gamma-ray bursts observed with th…
Using the NOvA neutrino detectors, a broad search has been performed for any signal coincident with 28 gravitational wave events detected by the LIGO/Virgo Collaboration between September 2015 and July 2019. For all of these events, NOvA is sensitive to possible arrival of neutrinos and cosmic rays of GeV and higher energies. For five (seven) events in the NOvA Far (Near) Detector, timely public alerts from the LIGO/Virgo Collaboration allowed recording of MeV-scale events. No signal candidates were found.
Probing the potential high-energy messengers of the anticipated T Coronae Borealis outburst
INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo（意大利国家天体物理研究所巴勒莫天文台）；Institute for Applied Problems in Mechanics and Mathematics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine（乌克兰国家科学院应用力学与数学问题研究所）；Center for Data Intensive and Time Domain Astronomy, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University（密歇根州立大学物理与天文学系数据密集型时域天文中心）；Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica E. Segrè, Università degli Studi di Palermo（巴勒莫大学E. Segre物理化学系）
First X-ray detection of symbiotic nova CN Cha with eROSITA/SRG
Dr. Karl Remeis-Sternwarte, Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg（弗里德里希·亚历山大大学埃尔朗根天体粒子物理中心）；Astronomical Institute of Charles University（查理大学天文研究所）；Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias（加那利群岛天体物理研究所）；Institut für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Universität Tübingen（蒂宾根大学天文与天体物理研究所）；Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik（马克斯·普朗克地外物理研究所）
Multi-messenger observations in the Einstein Telescope era: binary neutron star and black hole - neutron star mergers
INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera（意大利国家天体物理研究所比拉天文台）；INFN – Sezione di Milano-Bicocca（意大利国家核物理研究所米兰-比科卡分校）；Département de Physique Théorique, Université de Genève（日内瓦大学理论物理系）；Gravitational Wave Science Center (GWSC), Université de Genève（日内瓦大学引力波科学中心）；William H. Miller III Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University（约翰斯·霍普金斯大学威廉·H·米勒三世物理与天文学系）；Aix-Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, CPT, Marseille（艾克斯-马赛大学、土伦大学、法国国家科学研究中心、CPT）
The last decade has seen the emergence of two new fields within astrophysics: gamma ray polarimetry and GW astronomy. The former, which aims to measure the polarization of gamma rays in the energy range of 10s to 100s of keV, from astrophysical sources, saw the launch of the first dedicated polarimeters such as GAP and POLAR. On the other hand, GW astronomy started with the detection of the first black hole mergers by LIGO in 2015, followed by the first multi messenger detection in 2017. While the potential of the two individual fields has been discussed in detail in the literature, the potent…
Norwegian University of Science and Technology（挪威科技大学）；Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO (FINCA)（芬兰ESO天文中心）；University of Turku（图尔库大学）；INAF, Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica（意大利国家天体物理研究所，空间天体物理学与宇宙学研究所）；Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory（阿尔托大学梅塔霍维射电天文台）；McGill University（麦吉尔大学）；University of Lethbridge（莱斯布里奇大学）；European Southern Observatory (ESO)（欧洲南方天文台）；University Catholic of Lyon- University of Lyon（里昂天主教大学-里昂大学）；Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH)（智利圣地亚哥大学）；Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, Universiteit van Amsterdam（阿姆斯特丹大学安东·潘内科克天文学研究所）；University of Michigan（密歇根大学）
NCSA, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign（伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校国家超级计算应用中心）；Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign（伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校天文学系）；California Institute of Technology（加州理工学院）；Las Cumbres Observatory（拉斯坎布雷斯天文台）；Caltech/IPAC-NExScI（加州理工学院/红外处理与分析中心-系外行星科学研究所）；Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware（特拉华大学物理与天文学系）；Data Science Institute, University of Delaware（特拉华大学数据科学研究所）；Center for Urban Science and Progress, New York University（纽约大学城市科学与进步中心）；The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, Stockholm University（斯德哥尔摩大学奥斯卡·克莱因宇宙粒子物理中心）；The University of Chicago（芝加哥大学）；IBM Systems（IBM系统部）
This report provides an overview of recent work that harnesses the Big Data Revolution and Large Scale Computing to address grand computational challenges in Multi-Messenger Astrophysics, with a particular emphasis on real-time discovery campaigns. Acknowledging the transdisciplinary nature of Multi-Messenger Astrophysics, this document has been prepared by members of the physics, astronomy, computer science, data science, software and cyberinfrastructure communities who attended the NSF-, DOE- and NVIDIA-funded "Deep Learning for Multi-Messenger Astrophysics: Real-time Discovery at Scale" wor…
Opening up the dynamic infrared sky for systematic time-domain exploration would yield many scientific advances. Multi-messenger pursuits such as localizing gravitational waves from neutron star mergers and quantifying the nucleosynthetic yields require the infrared. Another multi-messenger endeavor that needs infrared surveyors is the study of the much-awaited supernova in our own Milky Way. Understanding shocks in novae, true rates of supernovae and stellar mergers are some other examples of stellar evolution and high energy physics wherein the answers are buried in the infrared. We discuss …
Radio component of the multi-messenger emission from the anticipated T Coronae Borealis outburst
INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo（意大利国家天体物理研究所巴勒莫天文台）；Institute for Applied Problems in Mechanics and Mathematics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine（乌克兰国家科学院应用力学与数学问题研究所）；Center for Data Intensive and Time Domain Astronomy, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University（密歇根州立大学物理与天文学系数据密集与时域天文中心）；Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica E. Segrè, Università degli Studi di Palermo（巴勒莫大学E. Segrè物理化学系）
Recent detections of gravitational wave signals and neutrinos from gamma-ray sources have ushered in the era of multi-messenger astronomy, while highlighting the importance of gamma-ray observations for this emerging field. AMEGO-X, the All-sky Medium Energy Gamma-Ray Observatory eXplorer, is an MeV gamma-ray instrument that will survey the sky in the energy range from hundreds of keV to one GeV with unprecedented sensitivity. AMEGO-X will detect gamma-ray photons both via Compton interactions and pair production processes, bridging the "sensitivity gap" between hard X-rays and high-energy gam…
The era of multi-messenger astrophysics has arrived, leading to key new discoveries and revealing a need for coordination, collaboration, and communication between world-wide communities using ground and space-based facilities. To fill these critical needs, NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center and Marshall Space Flight Center are jointly proposing to establish a virtual Multi-Messenger Astrophysics Science Support Center that focuses entirely on community-directed services. In this article, we describe the baseline plan for the virtual Support Center which will position the community and NASA as…
The recent discoveries of high-energy cosmic neutrinos and gravitational waves from astrophysical objects have led to the new era of multi-messenger astrophysics. In particular, electromagnetic follow-up observations triggered by these cosmic signals proved to be highly successful and brought about new opportunities in the time-domain astronomy. Here we review high-energy particle production in various classes of astrophysical transient phenomena related to black holes and neutron stars, and discuss how high-energy emission can be used to reveal the underlying physics of neutrino and gravitati…
Two years ago, the astronomical community witnessed a historical breakthrough observation: the detection of a short Gamma-Ray Burst (GRB) by gamma-ray instruments in coincidence with the detection of a Gravitation Wave (GW) signal produced by the coalescence of two binary neutron stars. This joint GRB-GW observation paved the way to a new chapter in modern astrophysics: the "Multi-Messenger" era. In this contribution, I will review the main results by gamma-ray experiments obtained from 2015 to 2017 during the first two observational runs of the LIGO-Virgo experiments (O1/O2), and highlight st…
The historical first detection of a binary neutron star merger by the LIGO-Virgo collaboration [B. P. Abbott et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 161101 (2017)] is providing fundamental new insights into the astrophysical site for the $r$-process and on the nature of dense matter. A set of realistic models of the equation of state (EOS) that yield an accurate description of the properties of finite nuclei, support neutron stars of two solar masses, and provide a Lorentz covariant extrapolation to dense matter are used to confront its predictions against tidal polarizabilities extracted from the gravit…
Novae are now firmly established as a high-energy (>100 MeV) gamma-ray source class by the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT). In symbiotic binary systems such as V407 Cyg 2010, there is a firm theoretical framework for the production of shock-accelerated particles in the nova ejecta from interactions with the dense wind of the red giant companion. Yet, the high-energy gamma-ray emission detected in classical novae involving less evolved stellar companions cannot be explained in the same way and could instead be produced in internal shocks in the ejecta. We summarize the Fermi-LAT gamma-ray obse…
In the era of multi-messenger astronomy, neutrinos are among the most important astronomical messengers, due to their interaction properties. In these lessons I briefly review the main issues concerning the theory on astrophysical neutrinos.
Binary neutron stars in the next-generation era: Multi-messenger detection prospects and constraints on the equation of state, mass distribution, and cosmology
University of Potsdam（波茨坦大学）；Utrecht University（乌得勒支大学）；Nikhef（尼黑核物理研究所）；Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute)（马克斯·普朗克引力物理研究所（爱因斯坦研究所））；University of Ferrara（费拉拉大学）；INFN, Sezione di Ferrara（意大利国家核物理学院费拉拉分部）；INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico d’Abruzzo（意大利国家天体物理研究所阿布鲁佐天文台）
The very first detection of gravitational waves from a neutron star binary merger, GW170817, exceeded all expectations. The event was relatively nearby, which may point to a relatively high merger rate. It was possible to extract finite-size effects from the gravitational-wave signal, which constrains the nuclear equation of state. Also, an electromagnetic counterpart was detected at many wavebands from radio to gamma rays marking the begin of a new multi-messenger era involving gravitational waves. We describe how multi-messenger observations of GW170817 are employed to constrain the nuclear …
The past year has witnessed discovery of the first identified counterparts to a gravitational wave transient (GW 170817A) and a very high-energy neutrino (IceCube-170922A). These source identifications, and ensuing detailed studies, have realized longstanding dreams of astronomers and physicists to routinely carry out observations of cosmic sources by other than electromagnetic means, and inaugurated the era of "multi-messenger" astronomy. While this new era promises extraordinary physical insights into the universe, it brings with it new challenges, including: highly heterogeneous, high-volum…
The identification of the electromagnetic counterpart of the gravitational wave event, GW170817, and discovery of neutrinos and gamma-rays from TXS 0506+056 heralded the new era of multi-messenger astrophysics. As the number of multi-messenger events rapidly grow over the next decade, the cyberinfrastructure requirements to handle the increase in data rates, data volume, need for event follow up, and analysis across the different messengers will also explosively grow. The cyberinfrastructure requirements to enhance multi-messenger astrophysics will both be a major challenge and opportunity for…
During its first 10 years of orbital operations Swift dedicated approximately 11% of its observing time to blazars, carrying out more than 12,000 observations of ~1,600 different objects, for a total exposure time of over 25 million seconds. In this paper I briefly discuss the impact that Swift is having on blazar multi-frequency and time-domain astrophysics, as well as how it is contributing to the opening of the era of multi-messenger astronomy. Finally, I present some preliminary results from a systematic analysis of a very large number of Swift XRT observations of blazars. All the "science…
Massive black hole binaries (MBHBs) of $10^5 \, \rm M_\odot - 3 \times 10^7 \, \rm M_\odot $ merging in low redshift galaxies ($z\le4$) are sufficiently loud to be detected weeks before coalescence with the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA). This allows us to perform the parameter estimation $on$ $the$ $fly$, i.e. as a function of the time to coalescence during the inspiral phase, relevant for early warning of the planned LISA protected periods and for searches of electromagnetic signals. In this work, we study the evolution of the sky position, luminosity distance, chirp mass and mass…
The exploration of the universe has recently entered a new era thanks to the multi-messenger paradigm, characterized by a continuous increase in the quantity and quality of experimental data that is obtained by the detection of the various cosmic messengers (photons, neutrinos, cosmic rays and gravitational waves) from numerous origins. They give us information about their sources in the universe and the properties of the intergalactic medium. Moreover, multi-messenger astronomy opens up the possibility to search for phenomenological signatures of quantum gravity. On the one hand, the most ene…
The joint detection of GW170817 and GRB 170817A opened the era of multi-messenger astronomy with gravitational waves (GWs) and provided the first direct probe that at least some binary neutron star (BNS) mergers are progenitors of short gamma-ray bursts (S-GRBs). In the next years, we expect to have more multi-messenger detections of BNS mergers, thanks to the increasing sensitivity of GW detectors. Here, we present a comprehensive study on the prospects for joint GW and electromagnetic observations of merging BNSs in the fourth LIGO--Virgo--KAGRA observing run with \emph{Fermi}, \emph{Swift},…
The first observations by a worldwide network of advanced interferometric gravitational wave detectors offer a unique opportunity for the astronomical community. At design sensitivity, these facilities will be able to detect coalescing binary neutron stars to distances approaching 400 Mpc, and neutron star-black hole systems to 1 Gpc. Both of these sources are associated with gamma ray bursts which are known to emit across the entire electromagnetic spectrum. Gravitational wave detections provide the opportunity for "multi-messenger" observations, combining gravitational wave with electromagne…
Between 2011 March and 2014 August Swift responded to 20 triggers from the IceCube neutrino observatory, observing the IceCube 50% confidence error circle in X-rays, typically within 5 hours of the trigger. No confirmed counterpart has been detected. We describe the Swift follow up strategy and data analysis and present the results of the campaign. We discuss the challenges of distinguishing the X-ray counterpart to a neutrino trigger from serendipitous uncatalogued X-ray sources in the error circle, and consider the implications of our results for future strategies for multi-messenger astrono…
The field of time-domain astrophysics has entered the era of Multi-messenger Astronomy (MMA). One key science goal for the next decade (and beyond) will be to characterize gravitational wave (GW) and neutrino sources using the next generation of Extremely Large Telescopes (ELTs). These studies will have a broad impact across astrophysics, informing our knowledge of the production and enrichment history of the heaviest chemical elements, constrain the dense matter equation of state, provide independent constraints on cosmology, increase our understanding of particle acceleration in shocks and j…
The gravitational-wave (GW) events, produced by the coalescence of binary neutron-stars (BNS), can be treated as the standard sirens to probe the expansion history of the Universe, if their redshifts could be determined from the electromagnetic observations. For the high-redshift ($z\gtrsim 0.1$) events, the short $γ$-ray bursts (sGRBs) and the afterglows are always considered as the primary electromagnetic counterparts. In this paper, by investigating various models of sGRBs and afterglows, we discuss the rates and distributions of BNS mergers' multi-messenger observations with GW detectors i…
Gamma-ray Bursts (GRBs) are relativistic cosmological beacons of transient high energy radiation whose afterglows span the electromagnetic spectrum. Theoretical expectations of correlated neutrino emission position GRBs at an astrophysical nexus for a metamorphosis in our understanding of the Cosmos. This new dawn in the era of experimental (particle) astrophysics and cosmology is afforded by current facilities enabling the novel astronomy of high energy neutrinos, in concert with unprecedented electromagnetic coverage. In that regard, GRBs represent a compelling scientific theme that may faci…
In the new era of gravitational wave (GW) and multi-messenger astrophysics, the detection of a GW signal from the coalescence of a black hole - neutron star (BHNS) binary remains a highly anticipated discovery. This kind of system is expected to be within reach of the second generation of ground-based detectors. In this context, we develop a series of versatile semi-analytical models to predict the properties of all the electromagnetic (EM) counterparts of BHNS mergers. We include the nuclear-decay-powered kilonova emission, its radio remnant, the prompt emission from the jet and the related a…
