Electron cooling as a method of creating intense ion beams has a practical upper limit when it comes to the peak phase space density of ion beams which can be achieved in practice. We describe a new experiment to study electron cooling of 2.5 MeV protons at the intensity limit using the Integrable Optics Test Accelerator (IOTA), which is a storage ring dedicated to beam physics research at Fermilab. This system will enable the study of magnetized electron cooling of a proton beam with transverse incoherent tune shifts approaching -0.5 due to the presence of intense space-charge forces. We present an overview of the hardware design, simulations and specific experiments planned for this project.
The paper presents a journal version of the Design Report on the Optical Stochastic Cooling experiment to be carried out at IOTA ring in Fermilab later this year. It discusses the theory which experiment is based on, beam parameters, major requirements to the storage ring systems and technical details of the experiment implementation.
We describe a new electron cooler being developed for 2.5 MeV protons at the Integrable Optics Test Accelerator (IOTA), which is a highly re-configurable storage ring at Fermilab. This system would enable the study of magnetized electron cooling in the presence of intense space-charge with transverse tune shifts approaching -0.5 as well as highly nonlinear focusing optics in the IOTA ring. We present an overview of the design, simulations and hardware to be used for this project.
We are designing and fabricating two new thermionic sources of magnetized electrons for use in the electron lens project at the Integrable Optics Test Accelerator (IOTA) at Fermilab. These electron sources will be used for cooling of 2.5 MeV protons in the presence of intense space-charge. Furthermore, we are constructing an electron source test stand at the University of Chicago which will validate the electrical, thermal, and vacuum characteristics of thermionic sources. In this paper we present the progress made so far and the upcoming steps for the thermionic electron sources for electron …
A new 150 MeV electron storage ring is being built at Fermilab. The construction of a new machine pursues two goals: A test of highly non-linear integrable optics and a test of optical stochastic cooling. This paper discusses details of OSC arrangements, choice of major parameters of the cooling scheme and incoming experimental tests of the optical amplifier prototype which uses highly doped Ti-sapphire crystal as amplification medium.
Optical Stochastic Cooling (OSC) is an optical-bandwidth extension of Stochastic Cooling that could advance the state-of-the-art cooling rate in beam cooling by three to four orders of magnitude [1-3]. The concept of OSC was first suggested in the early 1990s by Zolotorev, Zholents and Mikhailichenko, and replaced the microwave hardware of SC with optical analogs, such as wigglers and optical amplifiers. A number of variations on the original OSC concept have been proposed, and while a variety of proof-of-principle demonstrations and operational uses have been considered, the concept was not e…
Beam cooling enables an increase of peak and average luminosities and significantly expands the discovery potential of colliders; therefore, it is an indispensable component of any modern design. Optical Stochastic Cooling (OSC) is a high-bandwidth, beam-cooling technique that will advance the present state-of-the-art, stochastic cooling rate by more than three orders of magnitude. It is an enabling technology for next-generation, discovery-science machines at the energy and intensity frontiers including hadron and electron-ion colliders. This paper presents the status of our experimental effo…
The Integrable Optics Test Accelerator (IOTA) is a storage ring for advanced beam physics research currently being built and commissioned at Fermilab. It will operate with protons and electrons using injectors with momenta of 70 and 150 MeV/c, respectively. The research program includes the study of nonlinear focusing integrable optical beam lattices based on special magnets and electron lenses, beam dynamics of space-charge effects and their compensation, optical stochastic cooling, and several other experiments. In this article, we present the design and main parameters of the facility, outl…
A number of recent developments have led to simulations of an inverse cyclotron for cooling intense muon beams for neutrino factories and muon colliders. Such a device could potentially act as a novel beam cooling mechanism for muons, and it would be significantly smaller and cheaper than other cooling channel designs. Realistic designs are still being explored, but the first simulations of particle tracking in the inverse cyclotron, with accumulation in the cyclotron core, have been done with electrostatic simulations in the particle-in-cell code VORPAL. We present an overview of the muon inv…
We present a novel technique for studying the evolution of a particle distribution using single particle dynamics such that the distribution can be accurately reconstructed using fewer particles than existing approaches. To demonstrate this, the Landau-Lifshiftz description of radiation reaction is adapted into a semi-classical model, for which the Vlasov equation is intractable. Collision between an energetic electron bunch and high-intensity laser pulses are then compared using the two theories. Reduction in beam cooling is observed for the semi-classical case.
Recently, the study of integrable Hamiltonian systems has led to nonlinear accelerator lattices with one or two transverse invariants and wide stable tune spreads. These lattices may drastically improve the performance of high-intensity machines, providing Landau damping to protect the beam from instabilities, while preserving dynamic aperture. The Integrable Optics Test Accelerator (IOTA) is being built at Fermilab to study these concepts with 150-MeV pencil electron beams (single-particle dynamics) and 2.5-MeV protons (dynamics with self fields). One way to obtain a nonlinear integrable latt…
With the emergence in the next few years of a new breed of high power laser facilities, it is becoming increasingly important to understand how interacting with intense laser pulses affects the bulk properties of a relativistic electron beam. A detailed analysis of the radiative cooling of electrons indicates that, classically, equal contributions to the phase space contraction occur in the transverse and longitudinal directions. In the weakly quantum regime, in addition to an overall reduction in beam cooling, this symmetry is broken, leading to significantly less cooling in the longitudinal …
We report on our investigations into density fluctuations in electron bunches. Noise and density fluctuations in relativistic electron bunches, accelerated in a linac, are of critical importance to various Coherent Electron Cooling (CEC) [1-5] concepts as well as to free-electron lasers (FELs). For CEC, the beam noise results in additional diffusion that counteracts cooling. In SASE FELs, a micro-wave instability starts from the initial noise in the beam and eventually leads to the beam microbunching yielding coherent radiation, and the initial noise in the FEL bandwidth plays a useful role. I…
We consider a highly unconventional approach to generating muon and antimuon bunches for a neutrino factory or muon collider: electron-positron annihilation just above muon-antimuon threshold. This approach can produce low-emittance bunches at high energy, easing the muon-cooling and acceleration challenges in such facilities. However, the small (< 1 $μ$b) useable production cross section means that extraordinary beam-power and targeting challenges would have to be met. We speculate on what this might entail.
An intense beam of muons is needed to provide a luminosity on the order of 10$^{34}$ cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$ for a multi-TeV collider. Because muons produced by colliding a multi-MW proton beam with a target made of carbon or mercury have a large phase space, significant six dimensional cooling is required. Through ionization cooling - the only cooling method that works within the lifetime of the muon - and emittance exchange, the desired emittances for a Higgs Factory or higher energy collider are attainable. A cooling channel utilizing gas filled radio frequency cavities has been designed to deliv…
In recent years, intense efforts have been devoted to studying how nonlinear effects can be used to shape the transverse beam distribution by means of an adiabatic crossing of nonlinear resonances. By this approach, it is possible to split the beams in the transverse plane, so that the initial single-Gaussian beam is divided into several distinct distributions. This is at the heart of the multiturn extraction process that is successfully in operation at the CERN Proton Synchrotron. Nonlinear effects can also be used to cool a beam by acting on its transverse beam distribution. In this paper, w…
The MuCool Test Area (MTA) is an intense primary beam facility derived directly from the Fermilab Linac to test heat deposition and other technical concerns associated with the liquid hydrogen targets being developed for cooling intense muon beams. In this shielding study the results of Monte Carlo radiation shielding calculations performed using the MARS14 code for the MuCool Test Area and including the downstream portion of the target hall and berm around it, access pit, service building, and parking lot are presented and discussed within the context of the proposed MTA experimental configur…
A Neutrino Factory requires an intense and well-cooled (in transverse phase space) muon beam. We discuss a hybrid approach for a linear 4D cooling channel consisting of high-pressure gas-filled RF cavities- potentially allowing high gradients without breakdown- and discrete LiH absorbers to provide the necessary energy loss that results in the required muon beam cooling. We report simulations of the channel performance and its comparison with the vacuum case; we also briefly discuss technical and safety issues associated with cavities filled with high-pressure hydrogen gas. Even with additiona…
A new accelerator complex, HIAF (the High Intensity Heavy Ion Accelerator Facility), has been approved in China. It is designed to provide intense primary and radioactive ion beams for research in high energy density physics, nuclear physics, atomic physics as well as other applications. In order to achieve a high intensity of up to 5e11 ppp 238U34+, the Compression Ring (CRing) needs to stack more than 5 bunches transferred from the Booster Ring (BRing). However, the normal bucket to bucket injection scheme can only achieve an intensity gain of 2, so an injection method, fixed barrier bucket …
Muon beams of low emittance provide the basis for the intense, well characterised neutrino beams of a neutrino factory and for multi-TeV lepton-antilepton collisions at a muon collider. The international Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment (MICE) will demonstrate ionization cooling, the technique by which it is proposed to reduce the phase-space volume occupied by the muon beam. MICE was constructed in a series of steps. Data were taken in 2016 and 2017 in the Step~IV configuration which was optimised for studying the properties of liquid hydrogen and lithium hydride. Preliminary results from o…
Particle accelerators and storage rings have been transformative instruments of discovery, and, for many applications, innovations in particle-beam cooling have been a principal driver of that success1. Beam cooling reduces the spread in particle positions and momenta, while keeping the number of particles constant, and combats diffusive effects, thereby enabling particle accumulation and the production and preservation of intense beams. In the case of particle colliders, cooling increases the likelihood of observing rare physics events. One of the most important conceptual and technological a…
Muon accelerators offer an attractive option for a range of future particle physics experiments. They can enable high energy (TeV+) high energy lepton colliders whilst mitigating the difficulty of synchrotron losses, and can provide intense beams of neutrinos for fundamental physics experiments investigating the physics of flavor. The method of production of muon beams results in high beam emittance which must be reduced for efficient acceleration. Conventional emittance control schemes take too long, given the very short (2.2 microsecond) rest lifetime of the muon. Ionisation cooling offers a…
Muon beams of low emittance provide the basis for the intense, well-characterised neutrino beams necessary to elucidate the physics of flavour at a neutrino factory and to provide lepton-antilepton collisions at energies of up to several TeV at a muon collider. The international Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment (MICE) aims to demonstrate ionization cooling, the technique by which it is proposed to reduce the phase-space volume occupied by the muon beam at such facilities. In an ionization-cooling channel, the muon beam passes through a material in which it loses energy. The energy lost is th…
The next few years will see next-generation high-power laser facilities (such as the Extreme Light Infrastructure) become operational, for which it is important to understand how interaction with intense laser pulses affects the bulk properties of a relativistic electron beam. At such high field intensities, we expect both radiation reaction and quantum effects to play a significant role in the beam dynamics. The resulting reduction in relative energy spread (beam cooling) at the expense of mean beam energy predicted by classical theories of radiation reaction depends only on the energy of the…
The design of the positron source for the International Linear Collider (ILC) is still under consideration. The baseline design plans to use the electron beam for the positron production before it goes to the IP. The high-energy electrons pass a long helical undulator and generate an intense circularly polarized photon beam which hits a thin conversion target to produce $e^+e^-$ pairs. The resulting positron beam is longitudinally polarized which provides an important benefit for precision physics analyses. In this paper the status of the design studies is presented with focus on ILC250. In pa…
A muon collider or Higgs factory requires significant reduction of the six dimensional emittance of the beam prior to acceleration. One method to accomplish this involves building a cooling channel using high pressure gas filled radio frequency cavities. The performance of such a cavity when subjected to an intense particle beam must be investigated before this technology can be validated. To this end, a high pressure gas filled radio frequency (rf) test cell was built and placed in a 400 MeV beam line from the Fermilab linac to study the plasma evolution and its effect on the cavity. Hydrogen…
