Like every megaproject, the European Spallation Source (ESS) currently under construction in Lund, Sweden, has had to make a number of inevitable compromises to remain within budget and on schedule. Some of these compromises carry technical consequences with a potential impact on the operational characteristics of the facility and the neutron scattering instruments in particular. In order to prepare for operation of the facility, it is timely to consider again the subjects of instrument backgrounds and shielding from the project design phase. The expected ranges of instrument backgrounds, and the relative strengths of each contributor, are estimated using multiple physics simulations. These are compared with other leading spallation sources. Finally, several suggestions are given to reduce the background contributions in each case, should they prove to be dominant in practice when the commissioning phase of the facility begins.
This artcile presents an optimisation of performance and cost of neutron scattering instrumentation at the European Spallation Source. This is done by trading detailed cost functions against beam transmission functions in a multi-dimensional, yet simple, parameter space. On the one hand, the neutron guide cost increases as a power of the desired beam divergence, and inversely with the minimum wavelength, due to the supermirror coating needed. On the other hand, the more neutrons are transported to the instrument the greater are the shielding costs to deal with the gamma rays that result from t…
Building the European Spallation Source (ESS), the most powerful neutron source in the world, requires significant technological advances at most fronts of instrument component design. Detectors are not an exception. The existing implementations at current neutron scattering facilities are at their performance limits and sometimes barely cover the scientific needs. At full operation the ESS will yield unprecedented neutron brilliance. This means that one of the most challenging aspects for the new detector designs is the increased rate capability and in particular the peak instantaneous rate c…
We describe theoretical and practical aspects of spin-echo modulated small-angle neutron scattering (SEMSANS) as well as the potential combination with SANS. Based on the preliminary technical designs of SKADI (a SANS instrument proposed for the European Spallation Source) and a SEMSANS add-on, we assess the practicability, feasibility and scientific merit of a combined SANS and SEMSANS setup by calculating tentative SANS and SEMSANS results for soft matter, geology and advanced material samples that have been previously studied by scattering methods. We conclude that lengths from 1 nm up to 0…
The European Spallation Source (ESS) in Lund, Sweden is just entering the construction phase with 3 neutron instruments having started in its design concept phase in 2014. As a collaboration of 17 European countries the majority of hardware devices for neutron instrumentation will be provided in-kind. This presents numerous technical and organisational challenges for the construction and the integration of the instruments into the facility wide infrastructure; notably the EPICS control network with standardised hardware interfaces and the facilities absolute timing system. Additionally the new…
Instrument backgrounds at neutron scattering facilities directly affect the quality and the efficiency of the scientific measurements that users perform. Part of the background at pulsed spallation neutron sources is caused by, and time-correlated with, the emission of high energy particles when the proton beam strikes the spallation target. This prompt pulse ultimately produces a signal, which can be highly problematic for a subset of instruments and measurements due to the time-correlated properties, and different to that from reactor sources. Measurements of this background have been made a…
A new Small Angle Neutron Scattering instrument is proposed for the European Spallation Source. The pulsed source requires a time-of-flight analysis of the gathered neutrons at the detector. The optimal instrument length is found to be rather large, which allows for a polarizer and a versatile collimation. The polarizer allows for studying magnetic samples and incoherent background subtraction. The wide collimation will host VSANS and SESANS options that increase the resolution of the instrument towards um and tens of um, respectively. Two 1m2 area detectors will cover a large solid angle simu…
The European Spallation Source (ESS) will provide long neutron pulses for experiments on a suite of different instruments. Most of these will perform neutron data acquisition in event mode, i.e. each detected neutron will be characterised by one absolute timestamp and pixel identifier pair. Slow controls metadata from EPICS, such as sample environment measurements and motor positions, will also be timestamped at their source, so that all data and metadata are streamed as a list of events instead of histograms. A flexible data aggregation and streaming system is being developed combining both o…
The first eight years of operation of the Cold Neutron Chopper Spectrometer (CNCS) at the Spallation Neutron Source in Oak Ridge is being reviewed. The instrument has been part of the facility user program since 2009, and more than 250 individual user experiments have been performed to date. CNCS is an extremely powerful and versatile instrument and offers leading edge performance in terms of beam intensity, energy resolution, and flexibility to trade one for another. Experiments are being routinely performed with the sample at extreme conditions: T~0.05K, p>=2GPa and B=8T can be achieved indi…
A design study of a horizontal neutron reflectometer adapted to the general baseline of the long pulse European Spallation Source (ESS) is presented. The instrument layout comprises solutions for the neutron guide, high-resolution pulse shaping and beam bending onto a sample surface being so far unique in the field of reflectometry. The length of this instrument is roughly 55 m, enabling $δλ/ λ$ resolutions from 0.5% to 10%. The incident beam is focussed in horizontal plane to boost measurements of sample sizes of 1*1 cm{^2} and smaller with potential beam deflection in both downward and upwar…
The European Spallation Source is being constructed in Lund, Sweden and is planned to be the world's brightest pulsed spallation neutron source for cold and thermal neutron beams ($\le$ 1 eV). The facility uses a 2 GeV proton beam to produce neutrons from a tungsten target. The neutrons are then moderated in a moderator assembly consisting of both liquid hydrogen and water compartments. Surrounding the moderator are 22 beamports, which view the moderator's outside surfaces. The beamports are connected to long neutron guides that transport the moderated neutrons to the sample position via refle…
The construction of the European Spallation Source (ESS) faces many challenges from the neutron beam transport point of view: The spallation source is specified as being driven by a 5 MW beam of protons, each with 2 GeV energy, and yet the requirements in instrument background suppression relative to measured signal vary between 10$^{-6}$ and 10$^{-8}$. The energetic particles, particularly above 20 MeV, which are expected to be produced in abundance in the target, have to be filtered in order to make the beamlines safe, operational and provide good quality measurements with low background. We…
Development and extension of a monochromatic neutron beamline for neutron polarimetry device characterization at the Spallation Neutron Source
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory（劳伦斯利弗莫尔国家实验室）；University of Tennessee（田纳西大学）；Oak Ridge National Laboratory（橡树岭国家实验室）；Kellogg Radiation Laboratory, California Institute of Technology（加州理工学院凯洛格辐射实验室）
In any neutron scattering experiment the measurement of the position of the scattered neutrons and their respective velocities is necessary. In order to do so, a position sensitive detector as well as a way to determine the velocities is needed. Measuring the velocities can either be done by using only a single wavelength and therefore velocity or by creating pulses, where the start and end time of each pulse is known and registering the time of arrival at the detector, which is the case we want to consider here. This pulse shaping process in neutron scattering instruments is usually done by u…
The European Spallation Source (ESS) is intended to become the most powerful spallation neutron source in the world and the flagship of neutron science in the upcoming decades. The exceptionally high neutron flux will provide unique opportunities for scientific experiments, but also set high requirements for the detectors. One of the most challenging aspects is the rate capability and in particular the peak instantaneous rate capability, i.e. the number of neutrons hitting the detector per channel or cm$^2$ at the peak of the neutron pulse. The primary purpose of this paper is to estimate the …
Transport calculations for neutronic design require accurate nuclear data and validated computational tools. In the Spallation Physics Group, at the European Spallation Source, we perform shielding and neutron beam calculations to help the deployment of the instrument suite for the current high brilliance (top) moderator, as well for the design of the high intensity bottom moderator, currently under study for the facility. This work includes providing the best available nuclear data in addition to improving models and tools when necessary. In this paper we present the status of these activitie…
CSPEC is the cold chopper spectrometer of the European Spallation Source (ESS) and will come on-line with the ESS beam on target. CSPEC will be the first cold chopper spectrometer on a long pulsed spallation source which provides great opportunities in terms of signal to noise and novel measuring schemes. We provide a detailed overview of the instrument, scientific design considerations and engineering requirements.
The European Spallation Source being constructed in Lund, Sweden will provide the user community with a neutron source of unprecedented brightness. By 2025, a suite of 15 instruments will be served by a high-brightness moderator system placed above the spallation target. The ESS infrastructure, consisting of the proton linac, the target station, and the instrument halls, allows for implementation of a second source below the spallation target. We propose to develop a second neutron source with a high-intensity moderator able to (1) deliver a larger total cold neutron flux, (2) provide high int…
The CAMEA ESS neutron spectrometer is designed to achieve a high detection efficiency in the horizontal scattering plane, and to maximize the use of the long pulse European Spallation Source. It is an indirect geometry time-of-flight spectrometer that uses crystal analysers to determine the final energy of neutrons scattered from the sample. Unlike other indirect gemeotry spectrometers CAMEA will use ten concentric arcs of analysers to analyse scattered neutrons at ten different final energies, which can be increased to 30 final energies by use of prismatic analysis. In this report we will out…
We model the effect of ground movement, based on empirical experience, on the transport properties of long neutron guides by ray-tracing simulations. Our results reproduce the large losses found by an earlier study for a simple model, while for a more realistic engineering model of guide mounting, we find the losses to be significantly smaller than earlier predicted. A detailed study of the guide for the cold neutron spectrometer BIFROST at the European Spallation Source shows that the loss is 7.0(5) % for wavelengths of 2.3-4.0 Å; the typical operational wavelength range of the instrument. Th…
In this paper, we study the detection of accelerator neutrinos produced at the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS). Using the code FLUKA, we have simulated the production of neutrinos in the proton beam on the tungsten target and obtained the yield efficiency, numerical flux, and average energy of different flavors of neutrinos. Furthermore, detections of these accelerator neutrinos are investigated in two reaction channels, the neutrino-electron reactions and neutrino-carbon reactions. The event numbers of different flavors of neutrinos have also been calculated.
The quest for improved neutron capture cross sections for advanced reactor concepts, transmutation of radioactive wastes as well as for astrophysical scenarios of neutron capture nucleosynthesis has motivated new experimental efforts based on modern techniques. Recent measurements in the keV region have shown that a 4p BaF2 detector represents an accurate and versatile instrument for such studies. The present work deals with the potential of such a 4p BaF2 detector in combination with spallation neutron sources, which offer large neutron fluxes over a wide energy range. Detailed Monte Carlo si…
A new muon source has been proposed to conduct muon spin rotation/relaxation/resonance ($μ$SR) measurements at China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS). Only 1 Hz of the CSNS proton beams (25 Hz in total) will be allocated for muon production. To make better use of muons in every pulse, an ultrahigh-array $μ$SR spectrometer (UHAM) with thousands of detector channels is under design. Due to such a high granularity of detectors, multiple counting events generated from particle scattering or spiral motions of positrons in a strong longitudinal field should be carefully considered in the design. Six…
European Spallation Source (ESS) will deliver neutrons at high flux for use in diverse neutron scattering techniques. The neutron source facility and the scientific instruments will be located in Lund, and the Data Management and Software Centre (DMSC), in Copenhagen. A number of detector prototypes are being developed at ESS together with its European in-kind partners, for example: SoNDe, Multi-Grid, Multi-Blade and Gd-GEM. These are all position sensitive detectors but use different techniques for the detection of neutrons. Except for digitization of electronics readout, all neutron data is …
The MIEZE (Modulation of Intensity with Zero Effort) technique is a variant of neutron resonance spin echo (NRSE), which has proven to be a unique neutron scattering technique for measuring with high energy resolution in magnetic fields. Its limitations in terms of flight path differences have already been investigated analytically for neutron beams with vanishing divergence. In the present work Monte-Carlo simulations for quasi-elastic MIEZE experiments taking into account beam divergence as well as the sample dimensions are presented. One application of the MIEZE technique could be a dedicat…
The design and performance of the new Cold Neutron Chopper Spectrometer (CNCS) at the Spallation Neutron Source in Oak Ridge are described. CNCS is a direct geometry inelastic time-of-flight spectrometer, designed to cover essentially the same energy and momentum transfer ranges as IN5 at ILL, LET at ISIS, DCS at NIST, TOFTOF at FRM2, AMATERAS at J-PARC, PHAROS at LANSCE and NEAT at HZB, at similar energy resolution. Measured values of key figures such as neutron flux at sample position and energy resolution are compared between measurements and ray tracing Monte Carlo simulations, and good ag…
The European Spallation Source (ESS), presently under construction in Lund, Sweden, is a multidisciplinary international laboratory that will operate the world's most powerful pulsed neutron source. Supported by a 3M Euro Research and Innovation Action within the EU Horizon 2020 program, a design study (HighNESS) is now underway to develop a second neutron source below the spallation target. Compared to the first source, located above the spallation target and designed for high cold and thermal brightness, the new source will provide higher intensity, and a shift to longer wavelengths in the s…
The characteristics of the Solid-state Neutron Detector, under development for neutron-scattering measurements at the European Spallation Source, have been simulated with a Geant4-based computer code. The code models the interations of thermal neutrons and ionising radiation in the 6Li-doped scintillating glass of the detector, the production of scintillation light and the transport of optical, scintillation photons through the the scintillator, en route to the photo-cathode of the attached multi-anode photomultiplier. Factors which affect the optical-photon transport, such as surface finish, …
Polarized neutrons are a powerful probe to investigate magnetism in condensed matter on length scales from single atomic distances to micrometers. With the ongoing advancement of neutron optics, that allow to transport beams with increased divergence, the demands on neutron polarizes and analyzers have grown as well. The situation becomes especially challenging for new instruments at pulsed sources, where a large wavelength band needs to be polarized to make efficient use of the time structure of the beam. Here we present a polarization analysis concept for highly focused neutron beams that is…
In view of the trend towards smaller samples and experiments under extreme conditions it is important to deliver small and homogeneous neutron beams to the sample area. For this purpose, elliptic and/or Montel mirrors are ideally suited as the phase space of the neutrons can be defined far away from the sample. Therefore, only the useful neutrons will arrive at the sample position leading to a very low background. We demonstrate the ease of designing neutron transport systems using simple numeric tools, which are verified using Monte-Carlo simulations that allow to take into account effects of…
An instrument and software algorithm is described for the purpose of characterization of large single crystals at the Alignment Facility (ALF) of the ISIS spallation neutron source. We describe a method for both characterizing the quality of the sample and also aligning it in a particular scattering plane. We present a software package written for this instrument and demonstrate its utility by way of an example of the structural characterization of large singles crystals of Pb(Mg$_{1/3}$Nb$_{2/3}$)O$_{3}$. We suggest extensions and modifications of characterization instruments for future impro…
In Chinese Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS), proton beam is used to hit metal tungsten target, and then high flux neutrons are generated for experiments on instruments. For neutron flux spectrum correction, boron-coated GEM, lithium glass and 3He are used as neutron beam monitor in instruments. To be integrated into neutron instrument control, a new DAQ software for neutron beam monitor is developed, called NEROS (Neutron Event Readout System). NEROS is based on EPICS V4 and a unified data format for CSNS neutron beam monitor is defined. The framework and software design of NEROS is introduced…
The European Spallation Source ESS is being constructed in Lund, Sweden, to be the world's brightest cold pulsed spallation neutron source. The facility uses a 2GeV proton beam hitting a target to produce neutrons. The neutrons are then thermalized in a moderator. Surrounding the moderator are several beam ports connected to neutron guides that transport the cold neutrons. Due to the long-pulse source nature of the ESS, neutron scattering instruments are significantly longer than at most existing facilities, with approximately half the instruments requiring neutron guides that are 150 meters l…
The Multi-Blade is a Boron-10-based gaseous detector developed for neutron reflectometry instruments at the European Spallation Source (ESS) in Sweden. The main challenges for neutron reflectometry detectors are the instantaneous counting rate and spatial resolution. The Multi-Blade has been tested on the CRISP reflectometer at the ISIS neutron and muon source in UK. A campaign of scientific measurements has been performed to study the Multi-Blade response in real instrumental conditions. The results of these tests are discussed in this manuscript.
The long (3ms) proton pulse of the European Spallation Source (ESS) gives rise to unique and potentially high backgrounds for the instrument suite. In such a source an instrument capabilities will be limited by it's Signal to Noise (S/N) ratio. The instruments with a direct view of the moderator, which do not use a bender to help mitigate the fast neutron background, are the most challenging. For these beam lines we propose the innovative shielding of placing blocks of material directly into the guide system, which allow a minimum attenuation of the cold and thermal fluxes relative to the back…
In Chinese Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS), proton beam is used to hit metal tungsten target, and then high flux neutron are generated for experiments on instruments. For neutron flux spectrum correction, the current of proton beam is for each instrument. A real time monitor system is developed in CSNS, to monitor, broadcast and record each pulse of proton. Each proton pulse charge is measured and marked with high-precision timestamp. Then, the result of measurement will be broadcasted to control room and each neutron instrument. In control room, the proton charge of each pulse is listened an…
The Neutron Spin Echo (NSE) variant MIEZE (Modulation of IntEnsity by Zero Effort), where all beam manipulations are performed before the sample position, offers the possibility to perform low background SANS measurements in strong magnetic fields and depolarising samples. However, MIEZE is sensitive to differences \DeltaL in the length of neutron flight paths through the instrument and the sample. In this article, we discuss the major influence of \DeltaL on contrast reduction of MIEZE measurements and its minimisation. Finally we present a design case for enhancing a small-angle neutron scat…
Expanding Neutron Capacity at the ESS through Symbiotic Instruments: SLEIPNIR & Remora
Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark（丹麦技术大学物理系）；Data Management & Scientific Computing, European Spallation Source ERIC（欧洲散裂源ERIC数据管理与科学计算部）；Spectroscopy Division, European Spallation Source ERIC（欧洲散裂源ERIC光谱学部）；Jülich Centre for Neutron Science（朱利希中子科学中心）；Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum, Technical University of Munich（慕尼黑大学海因茨·迈尔-莱布尼茨中心）
European Spallation Source will be the brightest neutron source in the world. It is being built in Lund, Sweden. Over 120 superconducting cavities will be installed in the facility, each regulated by an individual LLRF control system. To reduce the risk associated with testing the systems on real cavities a Cavity Simulator was designed. It reproduces the behaviour of superconducting cavities used in the medium and high beta sections of ESS's Linac. The high power RF amplifier and piezo actuators parameters are also simulated. Based on the RF drive and piezo control signals the Cavity Simulato…
Various Li compounds are commonly used at neutron facilities as neutron absorbers. These compounds provide one of the highest ratios of neutron attenuation to $γ$-ray production. Unfortunately, the usage of these compounds can also give rise to fast neutron emission with energies up to almost 16 MeV. Historically, some details in this fast neutron production mechanism can be absent from some modeling packages under some optimization scenarios. In this work, we tested Geant4 to assess the performance of this simulation toolkit for the fast neutron generation mechanism. We compare the results of…
The small-angle neutron scattering instruments at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory High Flux Isotope Reactor recently upgraded the area detectors from the large, single volume crossed-wire detectors originally installed to staggered arrays of linear position-sensitive detectors, based on the design used on the EQ-SANS instrument at ORNL Spallation Neutron Source. The specific geometry of the LPSD array requires that approaches to data reduction traditionally employed be modified. Here, two methods for correcting the geometric distortion produced by the LPSD array are presented and compared. T…
Inelastic neutron scattering instruments require very low background; therefore the proper shielding for suppressing the scattered neutron background, both from elastic and inelastic scattering is essential. The detailed understanding of the background scattering sources is required for effective suppression. The Multi-Grid thermal neutron detector is an Ar/CO$_{2}$ gas filled detector with a $^{10}$B$_{4}$C neutron converter coated on aluminium substrates. It is a large-area detector design that will equip inelastic neutron spectrometers at the European Spallation Source (ESS). To this end a …
We present the development of a specialized concrete for neutron shielding at neutron research facilities, based on the addition of hydrogen atoms in the form of polyethylene and also B$_{4}$C for enhancing the neutron capture properties of the concrete. We show information on the mechanical properties of the concrete and the neutronics, in particular it's relevance to modern spallation neutron sources, such as the European Spallation Source (ESS), currently under construction in Lund, Sweden. The new concrete exhibits a 15% lower mass density, a compressible strength of 50% relative to a stan…
The concept of Wavelength Frame Multiplication (WFM) was developed to extend the usable wavelength range on long pulse neutron sources for instruments using pulse shaping choppers. For some instruments, it is combined with a pulse shaping double chopper, which defines a constant wavelength resolution, and a set of frame overlap choppers that prevent spurious neutrons from reaching the detector thus avoiding systematic errors in the calculation of wavelength from time of flight. Due to its complexity, the design of such a system is challenging and there are several criteria that need to be acco…
Due to the Helium-3 crisis, alternatives to the standard neutron detection techniques are becoming urgent. In addition, the instruments of the European Spallation Source (ESS) require advances in the state of the art of neutron detection. The instruments need detectors with excellent neutron detection efficiency, high-rate capabilities and unprecedented spatial resolution. The Macromolecular Crystallography instrument (NMX) requires a position resolution in the order of 200 um over a wide angular range of incoming neutrons. Solid converters in combination with Micro Pattern Gaseous Detectors (…
The high performance requirements at the European Spallation Source have been driving the technological advances on the neutron detector front. Now more than ever is it important to optimize the design of detectors and instruments, to fully exploit the ESS source brilliance. Most of the simulation tools the neutron scattering community has at their disposal target the instrument optimization until the sample position, with little focus on detectors. The ESS Detector Group has extended the capabilities of existing detector simulation tools to bridge this gap. An extensive software framework has…
European Spallation Source instruments like the macromolecular diffractometer, NMX, require an excellent neutron detection efficiency, high-rate capabilities, time resolution, and an unprecedented spatial resolution in the order of a few hundred micrometers over a wide angular range of the incoming neutrons. For these instruments solid converters in combination with Micro Pattern Gaseous Detectors (MPGDs) are a promising option. A GEM detector with gadolinium converter was tested on a cold neutron beam at the IFE research reactor in Norway. The μTPC analysis, proven to improve the spatial reso…
A new neutron detector based on Micromegas technology has been developed for the measurement of the simulated neutron spectrum in the ADS project. After the presentation of simulated neutron spectra obtained in the interaction of 140 MeV protons with the spallation target inside the TRIGA core, a full description of the new detector configuration is given. The advantage of this detector compared to conventional neutron flux detectors and the results obtained with the first prototype at the CELINA 14 MeV neutron source facility at CEA-Cadarache are presented. The future developments of operatio…
It is generally assumed by most of the small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) user community that a neutrons energy is unchanged during SANS measurements. Here, the scattering from water, specifically light water, was measured on the EQ-SANS instrument, a time-of-flight SANS instrument located at the Spallation Neutron Source of Oak Ridge National Laboratory. A significant inelastic process was observed in the TOF spectra of neutrons scattered from water. Analysis of the TOF spectra from the sample showed that the scattered neutrons have energies consistent with room-temperature thermal energie…
The ambitious instrument suite for the future European Spallation Source whose civil construction started recently in Lund, Sweden, demands a set of diverse and challenging requirements for the neutron detectors. For instance, the unprecedented high flux expected on the samples to be investigated in neutron diffraction or reflectometry experiments requires detectors that can handle high counting rates, while the investigation of sub-millimeter protein crystals will only be possible with large-area detectors that can achieve a position resolution as low as 200 μm. This has motivated an extensiv…
The Multi-Blade is a Boron-10-based gaseous thermal neutron detector developed to face the challenge arising in neutron reflectometry at neutron sources. Neutron reflectometers are challenging instruments in terms of instantaneous counting rate and spatial resolution. This detector has been designed according to the requirements given by the reflectometers at the European Spallation Source (ESS) in Sweden. The Multi-Blade has been installed and tested on the CRISP reflectometer at the ISIS neutron and muon source in UK. The results on the detailed detector characterization are discussed in thi…
Bi-spectral beam extraction combines neutrons from two different kind of moderators into one beamline, expanding the spectral range and thereby the utilization of an instrument. This idea can be realized by a mirror that reflects long wavelength neutrons from an off-axis colder moderator into a neutron guide aligned with another moderator emitting neutrons with shorter wavelengths which will be transmitted through the mirror. The mirror used in such systems is typically several meters long, which is a severe disadvantage because it reduces the possible length of a focusing device in design con…
The European Spallation Source (ESS) in Lund, Sweden will become the world's leading neutron source for the study of materials. The instruments are being selected from conceptual proposals submitted by groups from around Europe. These instruments present numerous challenges for detector technology in the absence of the availability of Helium-3, which is the default choice for detectors for instruments built until today and due to the extreme rates expected across the ESS instrument suite. Additionally a new generation of source requires a new generation of detector technologies to fully exploi…
The main objective of the European Spallation Source (ESS) is to perform consistently high impact neutron scattering science using the highest neutron flux of any facility in its class. This ambition is naturally accompanied by operational challenges related to the vertical integration of the instruments' hardware and software shared between collaborators from 13 European countries. The present work will detail integration tests performed at the V20 Test Instrument at Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin in Germany. An ESS chopper prototype was successfully controlled through the ESS Chopper Integration C…
A portable neutron scatter camera with isotropic sensitivity
University of Chicago（芝加哥大学）；Donostia International Physics Center（多诺西亚国际物理中心）；BERC Basque Excellence Research Centre（巴斯克卓越研究中心）；University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU（巴斯克地区大学）；Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science（伊克尔巴斯科，巴斯克科学基金会）；IDOM Consulting, Engineering, Architecture, S.A.U.（IDOM咨询、工程、建筑股份公司）
