Active Learning on a Programmable Photonic Quantum Processor
Henan Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Cryptography（河南省量子信息与密码重点实验室）；University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学）；Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale（合肥微尺度物质科学国家研究中心）；Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science（上海量子科学研究中心）；CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics（中国科学院量子信息与量子科技创新研究院）；Hefei National Laboratory（合肥国家实验室）
Training a quantum machine learning model generally requires a large labeled dataset, which incurs high labeling and computational costs. To reduce such costs, a selective training strategy, called active learning (AL), chooses only a subset of the original dataset to learn while maintaining the trained model's performance. Here, we design and implement two AL-enpowered variational quantum classifiers, to investigate the potential applications and effectiveness of AL in quantum machine learning. Firstly, we build a programmable free-space photonic quantum processor, which enables the programmed implementation of various hybrid quantum-classical computing algorithms. Then, we code the designed variational quantum classifier with AL into the quantum processor, and execute comparative tests for the classifiers with and without the AL strategy. The results validate the great advantage of AL in quantum machine learning, as it saves at most $85\%$ labeling efforts and $91.6\%$ percent computational efforts compared to the training without AL on a data classification task. Our results inspire AL's further applications in large-scale quantum machine learning to drastically reduce training data and speed up training, underpinning the exploration of practical quantum advantages in quantum physics or real-world applications.
By combining telecloning and programmable quantum gate array presented by Nielsen and Chuang [Phys.Rev.Lett. 79 :321(1997)], we propose a programmable quantum processor which can be programmed to implement restricted set of operations with several identical data outputs. The outputs are approximately-transformed versions of input data. The processor successes with certain probability.
A quantum processor to import, process, and export optical quantum states is a common core technology enabling various photonic quantum information processing. However, there has been no photonic processor which is simultaneously universal, scalable, and programmable. Here, we report on an original loop-based single-mode versatile photonic quantum processor which is designed to be universal, scalable, and programmable. Our processor can perform arbitrarily many steps of programmable quantum operations on a given single-mode optical quantum state by time-domain processing in a dynamically contr…
We study possible realizations of generalized quantum measurements on measurement-assisted programmable quantum processors. We focus our attention on the realization of von Neumann measurements and informationally complete POVMs. It is known that two unitary transformations implementable by the same programmable processor require mutually {\it orthogonal} states. It turns out that the situation with von Neumann measurements is different. Specifically, in order to realize two such measurements one does not have to use orthogonal program states. On the other hand, the number of the implementable…
We analyze and compare the optimality of approximate and probabilistic universal programmable quantum processors. We define several characteristics how to quantify the optimality and we study in detail performance of three types of programmable quantum processors based on (1) the C-NOT gate, (2) the SWAP operation, and (3) the model of the quantum information distributor - the QID processor. We show under which conditions the measurement assisted QID processor is optimal. We also investigate optimality of the so-called U-processors and we also compare the optimal approximative implementation o…
We present a systematic analysis how one can improve performance of probabilistic programmable quantum processors. We generalize a simple Vidal-Masanes-Cirac processor that realizes U(1) rotations on a qubit with the phase of the rotation encoded in a state of the program register. We show how the probability of success of the probabilistic processor can be enhanced by using the processor in loops. In addition we show that the same strategy can be utilized for a probabilistic implementation of non-unitary transformations on qubits. In addtion, we show that an arbitrary SU(2) transformations of…
Quantum computers, which take advantage of the superposition and entanglement of physical states, could outperform their classical counterparts in solving problems with technological impact, such as factoring large numbers and searching databases. A quantum processor executes algorithms by applying a programmable sequence of gates to an initialized state of qubits, which coherently evolves into a final state containing the result of the computation. Although quantum processors with a few qubits have been demonstrated on multiple quantum computing platforms, realization of solid-state programma…
Even if Google AI's Sycamore processor is efficient for the particular task it has been designed for it fails to deliver universal computational capacity. Furthermore, even classical devices implementing transverse homoclinic orbits realize exponential speedups with respect to universal classical as well as quantum computations. Moreover, relative to the validity of quantum mechanics, there already exist quantum oracles which violate the Church-Turing thesis.
A quantum processor is a programmable quantum circuit in which both the data and the program, which specifies the operation that is carried out on the data, are quantum states. We study the situation in which we want to use such a processor to approximate a set of unitary operators to a specified level of precision. We measure how well an operation is performed by the process fidelity between the desired operation and the operation produced by the processor. We show how to find the program for a given processor that produces the best approximation of a particular unitary operation. We also pla…
A universal programmable quantum processor uses program quantum states to apply an arbitrary quantum channel to an input state. We generalize the concept of a finite-dimensional programmable quantum processor to infinite dimension assuming an energy constraint on the input and output of the target quantum channels. By proving reductions to and from finite-dimensional processors, we obtain upper and lower bounds on the program dimension required to approximately implement energy-limited quantum channels. In particular, we consider the implementation of Gaussian channels. Due to their practical …
In this brief note is discussed application of continuous quantum history ("trash") variable for simplification of scheme of programmable quantum processor. Similar scheme may be tested also in other models of the theory of quantum algorithms and complexity, because provides modification of a standard operation: quantum function evaluation.
We examine the execution of general U(1) transformations on programmable quantum processors. We show that, with only the minimal assumption of availability of copies of the one-qubit program state, that the apparent advantage of existing schemes proposed by G.Vidal it et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 047905 (2002)] and M.Hillery et al. [Phys. Rev. A. 65, 022301 (2003)] to execute a general U(1) transformation with greater probability using complex program states appears not to hold.
Processing quantum information using quantum three-level systems or qutrits as the fundamental unit is an alternative to contemporary qubit-based architectures with the potential to provide significant computational advantages. We demonstrate a fully programmable two-qutrit quantum processor by utilizing the third energy eigenstates of two transmons. We develop a parametric coupler to achieve excellent connectivity in the nine-dimensional Hilbert space enabling efficient implementations of two-qutrit gates. We characterize our processor by realizing several algorithms like Deutsch-Jozsa, Berns…
We consider a scheme of quantum teleportation where a receiver has multiple (N) output ports and obtains the teleported state by merely selecting one of the N ports according to the outcome of the sender's measurement. We demonstrate that such teleportation is possible by showing an explicit protocol where N pairs of maximally entangled qubits are employed. The optimal measurement performed by a sender is the square-root measurement, and a perfect teleportation fidelity is asymptotically achieved for a large N limit. Such asymptotic teleportation can be utilized as a universal programmable pro…
A quantum processor is a device with a data register and a program register. The input to the program register determines the operation, which is a completely positive linear map, that will be performed on the state in the data register. We develop a mathematical description for these devices, and apply it to several different examples of processors. The problem of finding a processor that will be able to implement a given set of mappings is also examined, and it is shown that while it is possible to design a finite processor to realize the phase-damping channel, it is not possible to do so fo…
We show that it is possible to control the trade-off between information gain and disturbance in generalized measurements of qudits by utilizing the programmable quantum processor. This universal quantum machine allows us to perform a generalized measurement on the initial state of the input qudit to construct a Husimi function of this state. The trade-off between the gain and the disturbance of the qudit is controlled by the initial state of ancillary system that acts as a program register for the quantum-information distributor. The trade-off fidelity does not depend on the initial state of …
Generative adversarial networks are an emerging technique with wide applications in machine learning, which have achieved dramatic success in a number of challenging tasks including image and video generation. When equipped with quantum processors, their quantum counterparts--called quantum generative adversarial networks (QGANs)--may even exhibit exponential advantages in certain machine learning applications. Here, we report an experimental implementation of a QGAN using a programmable superconducting processor, in which both the generator and the discriminator are parameterized via layers o…
Superconducting circuits are at the forefront of quantum computing technology because of the unparalleled combination of good coherence, fast gates and flexibility in design parameters. The majority of experiments demonstrating small quantum algorithms in the superconducting architecture have used transmon qubits and transverse qubit-qubit coupling. However, efficient universal digital computing has remained a challenge due to the fact that majority of the state-of-art architectures rely on nearest-neighbor coupling in one or two dimensions. The limited connectivity and the availability of onl…
Simulating the topological phases of matter in synthetic quantum simulators is a topic of considerable interest. Given the universality of digital quantum simulators, the prospect of digitally simulating exotic topological phases is greatly enhanced. However, it is still an open question how to realize digital quantum simulation of topological phases of matter. Here, using common single- and two-qubit elementary quantum gates, we propose and demonstrate an approach to design topologically protected quantum circuits on the current generation of noisy quantum processors where spin-orbital coupli…
Environmental noise and disorder play critical roles in quantum particle and wave transport in complex media, including solid-state and biological systems. Recent work has predicted that coupling between noisy environments and disordered systems, in which coherent transport has been arrested due to localization effects, could actually enhance transport. Photonic integrated circuits are promising platforms for studying such effects, with a central goal being the development of large systems providing low-loss, high-fidelity control over all parameters of the transport problem. Here, we fully ma…
The universal quantum computer is a device capable of simulating any physical system and represents a major goal for the field of quantum information science. Algorithms performed on such a device are predicted to offer significant gains for some important computational tasks. In the context of quantum information, "universal" refers to the ability to perform arbitrary unitary transformations in the system's computational space. The combination of arbitrary single-quantum-bit (qubit) gates with an entangling two-qubit gate is a gate set capable of achieving universal control of any number of q…
With qubit measurement and control fidelities above the threshold of fault-tolerance, much attention is moving towards the daunting task of scaling up the number of physical qubits to the large numbers needed for fault tolerant quantum computing. Here, quantum dot based spin qubits may offer significant advantages due to their potential for high densities, all-electrical operation, and integration onto an industrial platform. In this system, the initialisation, readout, single- and two-qubit gates have been demonstrated in various qubit representations. However, as seen with other small scale …
We present a photonic integrated circuit architecture for a quantum programmable gate array (QPGA) capable of preparing arbitrary quantum states and operators. The architecture consists of a lattice of phase-modulated Mach-Zehnder interferometers, which perform rotations on path-encoded photonic qubits, and embedded quantum emitters, which use a two-photon scattering process to implement a deterministic controlled-$σ_z$ operation between adjacent qubits. By appropriately setting phase shifts within the lattice, the device can be programmed to implement any quantum circuit without hardware modi…
Reconfigurable quantum photonic processors are an essential technology for photonic quantum computing. Although most large-scale reconfigurable quantum photonic processors were demonstrated at the telecommunications C band around 1550 nm, high-performance single photon light sources utilizing quantum dots that are well-suited for photonic quantum computing operate at a variety of wavelengths. Thus, a demand exists for the compatibility of quantum photonic processors with a larger wavelength range. Silicon nitride (SiN) has a high confinement and wide transparency window, enabling compact, low-…
We propose and analyze the design of a programmable photonic integrated circuit for high-fidelity quantum computation and simulation. We demonstrate that the reconfigurability of our design allows us to overcome two major impediments to quantum optics on a chip: it removes the need for a full fabrication cycle for each experiment and allows for compensation of fabrication errors using numerical optimization techniques. Under a pessimistic fabrication model for the silicon-on-insulator process, we demonstrate a dramatic fidelity improvement for the linear optics CNOT and CPHASE gates and, showi…
Photonic processors are pivotal for both quantum and classical information processing tasks using light. In particular, linear optical quantum information processing requires both largescale and low-loss programmable photonic processors. In this paper, we report the demonstration of the largest universal quantum photonic processor to date: a low-loss, 12-mode fully tunable linear interferometer with all-to-all coupling based on stoichiometric silicon nitride waveguides.
Quantum walks are the quantum mechanical analogue of classical random walks and an extremely powerful tool in quantum simulations, quantum search algorithms, and even for universal quantum computing. In our work, we have designed and fabricated an 8x8 two-dimensional square superconducting qubit array composed of 62 functional qubits. We used this device to demonstrate high fidelity single and two particle quantum walks. Furthermore, with the high programmability of the quantum processor, we implemented a Mach-Zehnder interferometer where the quantum walker coherently traverses in two paths be…
We develop a quantum photonic platform that interconnects a high-quality quantum dot single-photon source and a low-loss photonic integrated circuit made in silicon nitride. The platform is characterized and programmed to demonstrate various multiphoton applications, including bosonic suppression laws and photonic entanglement generation. The results show a promising technological route forward to scale-up photonic quantum hardware.
Synthetic dimensions have generated great interest for studying many types of topological, quantum, and many-body physics, and they offer a flexible platform for simulation of interesting physical systems, especially in high dimensions. In this Letter, we describe a programmable photonic device capable of emulating the dynamics of a broad class of Hamiltonians in lattices with arbitrary topologies and dimensions. We derive a correspondence between the physics of the device and the Hamiltonians of interest, and we simulate the physics of the device to observe a wide variety of physical phenomen…
University of Florence（佛罗伦萨大学）；INFN sezione di Firenze（意大利国家核物理研究院佛罗伦萨分部）；University of York（约克大学）
Simulating quantum channels is a fundamental primitive in quantum computing, since quantum channels define general (trace-preserving) quantum operations. An arbitrary quantum channel cannot be exactly simulated using a finite-dimensional programmable quantum processor, making it important to develop optimal approximate simulation techniques. In this paper, we study the challenging setting in which the channel to be simulated varies adversarially with time. We propose the use of matrix exponentiated gradient descent (MEGD), an online convex optimization method, and analytically show that it ach…
Los Alamos National Laboratory（洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室）；IBM Research（IBM 研究院）；QuSoft；Institute for Logic, Language and Computation, University of Amsterdam（阿姆斯特丹大学逻辑、语言与计算研究所）；Korteweg-de Vries Institute for Mathematics, University of Amsterdam（阿姆斯特丹大学科特韦格-德弗里斯数学研究所）
Here is discussed the Hamiltonian approach to construction of deterministic universal (in approximate sense) programmable quantum circuits with qubits or any other quantum systems with dimension of Hilbert space is $n \ge 2$.
This is an updated version of supplementary information to accompany "Quantum supremacy using a programmable superconducting processor", an article published in the October 24, 2019 issue of Nature. The main article is freely available at https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1666-5. Summary of changes since arXiv:1910.11333v1 (submitted 23 Oct 2019): added URL for qFlex source code; added Erratum section; added Figure S41 comparing statistical and total uncertainty for log and linear XEB; new References [1,65]; miscellaneous updates for clarity and style consistency; miscellaneous typogr…
Electrically-programmable frequency comb for compact quantum photonic circuits
Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Hacettepe University（哈杰泰普大学核科学研究所）；Department of Physics, Quaid-i-Azam University（奎德-阿扎姆大学物理系）；Department of Physics, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University（雷杰普·塔伊普·埃尔多安大学物理系）；Department of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University（布尔杜尔·梅赫梅特·阿克夫·埃尔索伊大学文理学院纳米科学与纳米技术系）
A novel class of photonic integrated circuits employs large-scale integration of combined beam splitters and waveguides loaded with phase actuators to provide complex linear processing functionalities that can be reconfigured dynamically. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a thermally-actuated Dual-Drive Directional Coupler (DD-DC) design, integrated in a silicon nitride platform, functioning both as a standalone optical component providing arbitrary optical beam splitting and common phase as well as for its use in waveguide mesh arrangements. We analyze the experimental demonstra…
