Snowmass2021计算前沿白皮书：宇宙学模拟和建模
Snowmass2021 Computational Frontier White Paper: Cosmological Simulations and Modeling
摘要：
未来十年，将有强大的新观测设施投入使用，从而在“宇宙前沿”中提供许多发现机会，其目标是了解早期宇宙的物理学、暗物质和暗能量，以及中微子质量和爱因斯坦引力修正等基础物理学的宇宙学探测。将利用不同实验之间的协同作用来提出新的宇宙探测器类别，并尽量减少个别调查中存在的系统性偏差。这一观测计划的成功需要积极地将其与最先进的模拟和建模工作相匹配。下一代宇宙学建模将越来越多地关注物理丰富的模拟，能够模拟跨越多个波段的天空调查的输出。这些模拟将具有前所未有的分辨率和体积覆盖范围，并且必须为单个调查以及不同调查之间的互相关提供有保证的高保真结果。所需的进展如下：（1）开发科学上丰富和广泛的模拟，捕获探测器之间的相关物理和相关性（2）将模拟结果准确转换为逼真的图像或光谱数据，以直接与观察结果进行比较（3）改进模拟器和/或数据驱动方法，作为昂贵模拟的替代品，从有限的一组全物理模拟中构建（4）模拟和分析工具的详细和透明的验证和确认程序。（节录）
英文摘要：
Powerful new observational facilities will come online over the next decade, enabling a number of discovery opportunities in the "Cosmic Frontier", which targets understanding of the physics of the early universe, dark matter and dark energy, and cosmological probes of fundamental physics, such as neutrino masses and modifications of Einstein gravity. Synergies between different experiments will be leveraged to present new classes of cosmic probes as well as to minimize systematic biases present in individual surveys. Success of this observational program requires actively pairing it with a well-matched state-of-the-art simulation and modeling effort. Next-generation cosmological modeling will increasingly focus on physically rich simulations able to model outputs of sky surveys spanning multiple wavebands. These simulations will have unprecedented resolution, volume coverage, and must deliver guaranteed high-fidelity results for individual surveys as well as for the cross-correlations across different surveys. The needed advances are as follows: (1) Development of scientifically rich and broadly-scoped simulations, which capture the relevant physics and correlations between probes (2) Accurate translation of simulation results into realistic image or spectral data to be directly compared with observations (3) Improved emulators and/or data-driven methods serving as surrogates for expensive simulations, constructed from a finite set of full-physics simulations (4) Detailed and transparent verification and validation programs for both simulations and analysis tools. (Abridged)
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