Improved upper limit on degree-scale CMB B-mode polarization power from the 670 square-degree POLARBEAR survey
The POLARBEAR Collaboration, S. Adachi, T. Adkins, M. A. O. Aguilar Faúndez, K. S. Arnold, C. Baccigalupi, D. Barron, S. Chapman, K. Cheung, Y. Chinone, K. T. C… 展开作者
The POLARBEAR Collaboration, S. Adachi, T. Adkins, M. A. O. Aguilar Faúndez, K. S. Arnold, C. Baccigalupi, D. Barron, S. Chapman, K. Cheung, Y. Chinone, K. T. Crowley, T. Elleflot, J. Errard, G. Fabbian, C. Feng, T. Fujino, N. Galitzki, N. W. Halverson, M. Hasegawa, M. Hazumi, H. Hirose, L. Howe, J. Ito, O. Jeong, D. Kaneko, N. Katayama, B. Keating, T. Kisner, N. Krachmalnicoff, A. Kusaka, A. T. Lee, E. Linder, A. I. Lonappan, L. N. Lowry, F. Matsuda, T. Matsumura, Y. Minami, M. Murata, H. Nishino, Y. Nishinomiya, D. Poletti, C. L. Reichardt, C. Ross, Y. Segawa, P. Siritanasak, R. Stompor, A. Suzuki, O. Tajima, S. Takakura, S. Takatori, D. Tanabe, G. Teply, K. Yamada, Y. Zhou
We report an improved measurement of the degree-scale cosmic microwave background $B$-mode angular-power spectrum over 670 square-degree sky area at 150 GHz with POLARBEAR. In the original analysis of the data, errors in the angle measurement of the continuously rotating half-wave plate, a polarization modulator, caused significant data loss. By introducing an angle-correction algorithm, the data volume is increased by a factor of 1.8. We report a new analysis using the larger data set. We find the measured $B$-mode spectrum is consistent with the $Λ$CDM model with Galactic dust foregrounds. We estimate the contamination of the foreground by cross-correlating our data and Planck 143, 217, and 353 GHz measurements, where its spectrum is modeled as a power law in angular scale and a modified blackbody in frequency. We place an upper limit on the tensor-to-scalar ratio $r$ < 0.33 at 95% confidence level after marginalizing over the foreground parameters.
Design and development of an ambient-temperature continuously-rotating achromatic half-wave plate for CMB polarization modulation on the POLARBEAR-2 experiment
We describe the design of a cryogenic rotation stage (CRS) for use with the cryogenic half-wave plate (CHWP) polarization modulator on the POLARBEAR-2b and POLARBEAR-2c (PB2b/c) cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiments, the second and third installments of the Simons Array. Rapid modulation of the CMB polarization signal using a CHWP suppresses 1/f contamination due to atmospheric turbulence and allows a single polarimeter to measure both polarization states, mitigating systematic effects that arise when differencing orthogonal detectors. To modulate the full detector array while avoiding…
The polarization of the atmosphere has been a long-standing concern for ground-based experiments targeting cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization. Ice crystals in upper tropospheric clouds scatter thermal radiation from the ground and produce a horizontally-polarized signal. We report the detailed analysis of the cloud signal using a ground-based CMB experiment, POLARBEAR, located at the Atacama desert in Chile and observing at 150 GHz. We observe horizontally-polarized temporal increases of low-frequency fluctuations ("polarized bursts," hereafter) of $\lesssim$0.1 K when clouds appea…
We report a 4.8$σ$ measurement of the cross-correlation signal between the cosmic microwave background (CMB) lensing convergence reconstructed from measurements of the CMB polarization made by the POLARBEAR experiment and the infrared-selected galaxies of the Herschel-ATLAS survey. This is the first measurement of its kind. We infer a best-fit galaxy bias of $b = 5.76 \pm 1.25$, corresponding to a host halo mass of $\log_{10}(M_h/M_\odot) =13.5^{+0.2}_{-0.3}$ at an effective redshift of $z \sim 2$ from the cross-correlation power spectrum. Residual uncertainties in the redshift distribution of…
Using only cosmic microwave background polarization data from the POLARBEAR experiment, we measure $B$-mode polarization delensing on subdegree scales at more than $5σ$ significance. We achieve a 14% $B$-mode power variance reduction, the highest to date for internal delensing, and improve this result to 2% by applying for the first time an iterative maximum a posteriori delensing method. Our analysis demonstrates the capability of internal delensing as a means of improving constraints on inflationary models, paving the way for the optimal analysis of next-generation primordial $B$-mode experi…
We present a measurement of the $B$-mode polarization power spectrum of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) using taken from July 2014 to December 2016 with the POLARBEAR experiment. The CMB power spectra are measured using observations at 150 GHz with an instantaneous array sensitivity of $\mathrm{NET}_\mathrm{array}=23\, μ\mathrm{K} \sqrt{\mathrm{s}}$ on a 670 square degree patch of sky centered at (RA, Dec)=($+0^\mathrm{h}12^\mathrm{m}0^\mathrm{s},-59^\circ18^\prime$). A continuously rotating half-wave plate is used to modulate polarization and to suppress low-frequency noise. We achieve …
We report a measurement of the E-mode polarization power spectrum of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) using 150 GHz data taken from July 2014 to December 2016 with the POLARBEAR experiment. We reach an effective polarization map noise level of $32\,μ\mathrm{K}$-$\mathrm{arcmin}$ across an observation area of 670 square degrees. We measure the EE power spectrum over the angular multipole range $500 \leq \ell <3000$, tracing the third to seventh acoustic peaks with high sensitivity. The statistical uncertainty on E-mode bandpowers is $\sim 2.3 μ{\rm K}^2$ at $\ell \sim 1000$ with a systemat…
We report a measurement of the B-mode polarization power spectrum in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) using the POLARBEAR experiment in Chile. The faint B-mode polarization signature carries information about the Universe's entire history of gravitational structure formation, and the cosmic inflation that may have occurred in the very early Universe. Our measurement covers the angular multipole range 500 < l < 2100 and is based on observations of an effective sky area of 25 square degrees with 3.5 arcmin resolution at 150 GHz. On these angular scales, gravitational lensing of the CMB by i…
We present a measurement of the gravitational lensing deflection power spectrum reconstructed with two seasons cosmic microwave background polarization data from the POLARBEAR experiment. Observations were taken at 150 GHz from 2012 to 2014 which survey three patches of sky totaling 30 square degrees. We test the consistency of the lensing spectrum with a Cold Dark Matter (CDM) cosmology and reject the no-lensing hypothesis at a confidence of 10.9 sigma including statistical and systematic uncertainties. We observe a value of A_L = 1.33 +/- 0.32 (statistical) +/- 0.02 (systematic) +/- 0.07 (fo…
We present the first measurement of cross-correlation between the lensing potential, reconstructed from cosmic microwave background (CMB) {\it polarization} data, and the cosmic shear field from galaxy shapes. This measurement is made using data from the POLARBEAR CMB experiment and the Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) survey. By analyzing an 11~deg$^2$ overlapping region, we reject the null hypothesis at 3.5$σ$\ and constrain the amplitude of the {\bf cross-spectrum} to $\widehat{A}_{\rm lens}=1.70\pm 0.48$, where $\widehat{A}_{\rm lens}$ is the amplitude normalized with respect to the Planck~2…
New telescopes are being built to measure the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) with unprecedented sensitivity, including Simons Observatory (SO), CCAT-prime, the BICEP Array, SPT-3G, and CMB Stage-4. We present observing strategies for telescopes located in Chile that are informed by the tools used to develop recent Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) and Polarbear surveys. As with ACT and Polarbear, these strategies are composed of scans that sweep in azimuth at constant elevation. We explore observing strategies for both small (0.42 m) aperture telescopes (SAT) and a large (6 m) aperture tele…
POLARBEAR Constraints on Cosmic Birefringence and Primordial Magnetic Fields
我们约束各向异性的宇宙双折射使用偶宇称$E$模式和奇宇称$B$模式的偏振在宇宙微波背景测量的背景辐射（POLARBEAR）实验在其第一个赛季的观测。我们发现，各向异性宇宙双折射信号从任何宇称破坏过程是一致的零。各向异性宇宙双折射产生的法拉第旋转可以与原始磁场产生的等效量进行比较，如果它们存在的话。POLARBEAR未检测转换为95%置信水平（C.L.）包括系统不确定性在内的等效原始磁场振幅的上限为93纳高斯（nG）。法拉第旋转的四点关联约束比普朗克在2015年测量的$B$模式的两点关联约束法拉第旋转的贡献所推断的上限1380 nG严格约15倍。起源于原始磁场的度量扰动也会对$B$模功率谱有贡献。使用POLARBEAR测量的$B$模式功率谱（两点相关），我们设定了95% C. L.假设场振幅的平坦先验，原始磁场的上限为3.9 nG。这个极限与普朗克2015年两点相关分析中发现的温度和极化的极限相当。我们进行了一组系统误差测试，没有发现污染的证据。这项工作标志着各向异性的宇宙双折射或原始磁场第一次被限制在亚度尺度的地面。
Precision Tests of Parity Violation Over Cosmological Distances
最近通过BICEP 2和POLARBEAR实验对宇宙微波背景$B$模式偏振功率谱的测量已经展示了用于探测基础物理的新的精确工具。不管起源如何，我们能够检测到亚$μ$ K CMB偏振的事实代表了巨大的技术突破。然而，更多的信息可能隐藏在CMB的极化模式中。由于它的张量性质，CMB偏振也可以通过检测宇宙偏振旋转来揭示宇称违反物理学。虽然目前的CMB偏振仪是足够灵敏的测量一个度级偏振旋转与$>5σ$统计意义，他们缺乏区分这种效果从一个系统的仪器偏振旋转的能力。在这里，我们激励从目前的CMB数据以及独立的射电星系和类星体的偏振测量宇宙偏振旋转的搜索。我们认为，校准精度的提高将允许精确测量的奇偶性和洛伦兹违反效果。我们描述了CalSat天基偏振校准器，该校准器将为$0.05^\circ$提供系统偏振角校准不确定性的严格控制--比当前CMB偏振校准器有一个数量级的改进。基于CalSat-based校准可以与当前的CMB偏振仪一起使用，以搜索$B$模式偏振，有效地将它们变成宇宙宇称违反的探测器，即不需要建立专用仪器。
Constraints on the polarization angle oscillations of the Crab Nebula with the Simons Array and its applications to the search for axion-like particles
In the next decade, new ground-based Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) experiments such as Simons Observatory (SO), CCAT-prime, and CMB-S4 will increase the number of detectors observing the CMB by an order of magnitude or more, dramatically improving our understanding of cosmology and astrophysics. These projects will deploy receivers with as many as hundreds of thousands of transition edge sensor (TES) bolometers coupled to Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID)-based readout systems. It is well known that superconducting devices such as TESes and SQUIDs are sensitive to magneti…
Recently, the cross-correlation between $E$- and $B$-mode polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB), which is well explained by cosmic birefringence with rotation angle $β\approx 0.3$ deg, has been found in CMB polarization data. We carefully investigate the possibility of explaining the observed $EB$ correlation by the primordial chiral gravitational waves (CGWs), which can be generated in the parity-violating theories in the primordial Universe. We found that the CGWs scenario does not work due to the overproduction of the $BB$ auto-correlation which far exceeds the observed one …
The origin of large-scale magnetic fields in the Universe is still unknown. Observations suggest the presence of nGauss primordial magnetic fields at the last scattering surface. The presence of such fields will affect the evolution of cosmological perturbations and potentially leave an imprint on the CMB anisotropies. Here, we show that the B-mode power spectrum carries a clear signature of the stochastic primordial magnetic fields up to a few nGauss. Specifically, the presence of nGauss primordial magnetic fields changes the BB power spectrum at all scales. At large scales, the tensor modes …
Cosmological CPT violation will rotate the polarized direction of CMB photons, convert partial CMB E mode into B mode and vice versa. It will generate non-zero EB, TB spectra and change the EE, BB, TE spectra. This phenomenon gives us a way to detect the CPT-violation signature from CMB observations, and also provides a new mechanism to produce B mode polarization. In this paper, we perform a global analysis on tensor-to-scalar ratio $r$ and polarization rotation angles based on current CMB datasets with both low $\ell$ (Planck, BICEP2/Keck Array) and high $\ell$ (POLARBEAR, SPTpol, ACTPol). B…
New constraints on cosmic polarization rotation from the ACTPol cosmic microwave background B-Mode polarization observation and the BICEP2 constraint update
We study the distribution functions of the CMB polarization angle $ψ$, focusing on the Planck 2018 CMB maps. We extend the model of Preece & Battye (2014) of Gaussian correlated $Q$ and $U$ Stokes parameters to allow nonzero means. When the variances of $Q$ and $U$ are equal and their covariance and means are zero, the polarization angle is uniformly distributed. Otherwise the uniform distribution will be modulated by harmonics with $2ψ$ and $4ψ$ phases. These modulations are visible in the Planck 2018 CMB maps. Furthermore, the mean value of $U$ is peculiar compared to the power spectrum.
Impacts of observational systematic errors on the lensing analysis of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization are investigated by numerical simulations. We model errors of gain, angle, and pointing in observation of the CMB polarization and simulate polarization fields modulated by the errors. We discuss the response of systematics-induced $B$-modes to amplitude and spatial scale of the imposed errors and show that the results of the lensing reconstruction and delensing analysis behave according to it. It is observed that error levels expected in the near future lead to no significa…
Future precision measurements of CMB polarizations can shed new light on the problem so called Hubble tension. The Hubble tension comes from the difference of the evolutions of the Hubble parameter which are determined with two different distance ladders. The standard distance ladder with the observation of Cepheid variables and type Ia supernovae gives larger values of the Hubble constant, and the inverse distance ladder with the observation of the baryon acoustic oscillations both in the CMB and in the clustering of galaxies gives smaller values of the Hubble constant. These different evolut…
