arXivDaily arXiv每日学术速递 周一至周五更新
arXiv 2203.01855cs.ROcs.AIcs.HC
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反事实推理改进人类逆强化学习

Reasoning about Counterfactuals to Improve Human Inverse Reinforcement Learning

Carnegie Mellon University(卡内基梅隆大学)

Michael S. Lee, Henny Admoni, Reid Simmons

摘要:

为了与机器人进行良好的合作,我们必须能够理解它们的决策。人类自然地推断其他代理人的信念和愿望,通过推理他们的可观察行为的方式类似于逆强化学习(IRL)。因此,机器人可以通过提供对人类学习者的IRL有信息的演示来传达他们的信念和愿望。一个信息演示是一个与学习者的期望有很大不同的机器人会做什么,因为他们目前的理解机器人的决策。然而,标准的IRL并不模拟学习者现有的期望,因此不能进行这种反事实推理。我们建议将学习者目前对机器人决策的理解纳入我们的人类IRL模型中,以便机器人可以选择最大限度地提高人类理解的演示。我们还提出了一种新的措施,估计人类预测机器人在看不见的环境中的行为的实例的难度。一项用户研究发现,我们的测试难度测量与人类的表现和信心有很好的相关性。有趣的是,在选择演示时考虑人类的信念和反事实会降低人类在简单测试中的表现,但会提高难度测试的表现,从而为如何最好地利用这些模型提供见解。

英文摘要:

To collaborate well with robots, we must be able to understand their decision making. Humans naturally infer other agents' beliefs and desires by reasoning about their observable behavior in a way that resembles inverse reinforcement learning (IRL). Thus, robots can convey their beliefs and desires by providing demonstrations that are informative for a human learner's IRL. An informative demonstration is one that differs strongly from the learner's expectations of what the robot will do given their current understanding of the robot's decision making. However, standard IRL does not model the learner's existing expectations, and thus cannot do this counterfactual reasoning. We propose to incorporate the learner's current understanding of the robot's decision making into our model of human IRL, so that a robot can select demonstrations that maximize the human's understanding. We also propose a novel measure for estimating the difficulty for a human to predict instances of a robot's behavior in unseen environments. A user study finds that our test difficulty measure correlates well with human performance and confidence. Interestingly, considering human beliefs and counterfactuals when selecting demonstrations decreases human performance on easy tests, but increases performance on difficult tests, providing insight on how to best utilize such models.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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