Internet of Things (IoT) has been rapidly growing in the past few years in all life disciplines. IoT provides automation and smart control to its users in different domains such as home automation, healthcare systems, automotive, and many more. Given the tremendous number of connected IoT devices, this growth leads to enormous automatic interactions among sizeable IoT apps in their environment, making IoT apps more intelligent and more enjoyable to their users. But some unforeseen interactions of IoT apps and any potential malicious behaviour can seriously cause insecure and unsafe consequences to its users, primarily non-experts, who lack the required knowledge regarding the potential impact of their IoT automation processes. In this paper, we study the problem of security and safety verification of IoT systems. We survey techniques that utilize program analysis to verify IoT applications' security and safety properties. The study proposes a set of categorization and classification attributes to enhance our understanding of the research landscape in this domain. Moreover, we discuss the main challenges considered in the surveyed work and potential solutions that could be adopted to ensure the security and safety of IoT systems.
Today's IoT systems include event-driven smart applications (apps) that interact with sensors and actuators. A problem specific to IoT systems is that buggy apps, unforeseen bad app interactions, or device/communication failures, can cause unsafe and dangerous physical states. Detecting flaws that lead to such states, requires a holistic view of installed apps, component devices, their configurations, and more importantly, how they interact. In this paper, we design IoTSan, a novel practical system that uses model checking as a building block to reveal "interaction-level" flaws by identifying …
Trigger-action programming (TAP) is a popular end-user programming framework that can simplify the Internet of Things (IoT) automation with simple trigger-action rules. However, it also introduces new security and safety threats. A lot of advanced techniques have been proposed to address this problem. Rigorously reasoning about the security of a TAP-based IoT system requires a well-defined model and verification method both against rule semantics and physical-world features, e.g., concurrency, rule latency, extended action, tardy attributes, and connection-based rule interactions, which has be…
Blockchain has received tremendous attention as a secure, distributed, and anonymous framework for the Internet of Things (IoT). As a distributed system, blockchain trades off scalability for distribution, which limits the technologys adaptation for large scale networks such as IoT. All transactions and blocks must be broadcast and verified by all participants which limits scalability and incurs computational and communication overheads. The existing solutions to scale blockchains have so far led to partial recentralization, limiting the technologys original appeal. In this paper, we introduce…
Verification of data generated by wearable sensors is increasingly becoming of concern to health service providers and insurance companies. There is a need for a verification framework that various authorities can request a verification service for the local network data of a target IoT device. In this paper, we leverage blockchain as a distributed platform to realize an on-demand verification scheme. This allows authorities to automatically transact with connected devices for witnessing services. A public request is made for witness statements on the data of a target IoT that is transmitted o…
Secure sensor calibration constitutes a foundational step that underpins operational safety in the Industrial Internet of Things. While much attention has been given to IoT security such as the use of TLS to secure sensed data, little thought has been given to securing the calibration infrastructure itself. Currently traceability is achieved via manual verification using paper-based datasheets which is both time consuming and insecure. For instance, when the calibration status of parent devices is revoked as mistakes or mischance is detected, calibrated devices are not updated until the next c…
IoT devices, equipped with embedded actuators and sensors, provide custom automation in the form of IoT apps. IoT apps subscribe to events and upon receipt, transmit actuation commands which trigger a set of actuators. Events and actuation commands follow paths in the IoT ecosystem such as sensor-to-edge, edge-to-cloud, and cloud-to-actuator, with different network and processing delays between these connections. Significant delays may occur especially when an IoT system cloud interacts with other clouds. Due to this variation in delays, the cloud may receive events in an incorrect order, and …
University of Tennessee at Chattanooga（田纳西大学查塔努加分校）
It is estimated that the number of IoT devices will reach 75 billion in the next five years. Most of those currently, and to be deployed, lack sufficient security to protect themselves and their networks from attack by malicious IoT devices that masquerade as authorized devices to circumvent digital authentication approaches. This work presents a PHY layer IoT authentication approach capable of addressing this critical security need through the use of feature reduced Radio Frequency-Distinct Native Attributes (RF-DNA) fingerprints and Support Vector Machines (SVM). This work successfully demon…
In this paper, we propose a framework called Contego-TEE to secure Internet-of-Things (IoT) edge devices with timing requirements from control spoofing attacks where an adversary sends malicious control signals to the actuators. We use a trusted computing base available in commodity processors (such as ARM TrustZone) and propose an invariant checking mechanism to ensure the security and safety of the physical system. A working prototype of Contego-TEE was developed using embedded Linux kernel. We demonstrate the feasibility of our approach for a robotic vehicle running on an ARM-based platform…
Power grids are undergoing major changes due to rapid growth in renewable energy resources and improvements in battery technology. While these changes enhance sustainability and efficiency, they also create significant management challenges as the complexity of power systems increases. To tackle these challenges, decentralized Internet-of-Things (IoT) solutions are emerging, which arrange local communities into transactive microgrids. Within a transactive microgrid, "prosumers" (i.e., consumers with energy generation and storage capabilities) can trade energy with each other, thereby smoothing…
Internet of Things (IoT) systems are recently being employed in various types of critical infrastructure, including integrated rescue systems, healthcare, defence, energy and other fields. Recently, the security and safety of IoT systems, in general, has been questioned by a number of studies. Raised concerns do not relate to the IoT technology in principle but to poor engineering practices that are mostly preventable. In critical infrastructure, demand for safety and security is strongly present and justifies a discussion about the general resilience of IoT systems. In this context, resilienc…
Recently, with the rapid development of big data, Internet of Things (IoT) brings more and more intelligent and convenient services to people's daily lives. Mobile healthcare crowd sensing (MHCS), as a typical application of IoT, is becoming an effective approach to provide various medical and healthcare services to individual or organizations. However, MHCS still have to face to different security challenges in practice. For example, how to quickly and effectively authenticate masses of bio-information uploaded by IoT terminals without revealing the owners' sensitive information. Therefore, w…
The Internet of Things (IoT) is smartifying our everyday life. Our starting point is IoT-LySa, a calculus for describing IoT systems, and its static analysis, which will be presented at Coordination 2016. We extend the mentioned proposal in order to begin an investigation about security issues, in particular for the static verification of secrecy and some other security properties.
NAND flash memory-based IoT device can potentially still leave behind original personal data in an invalid area even if the data has been deleted. In this paper, we raise the forensic issue of original data remaining in unmanaged blocks caused by NAND flash memory and introduce methods for secure deletion of such data in the invalid area. We also propose a verification technique for secure deletion that is performed based on cell count information, which refers to the difference in bits between personal data and data stored in the block. The pass/fail of the verification technique according to…
Calibration plays an important role in ensuring device accuracy within safety-critical IoT deployments. The process of calibration involves a number of parties which must collaborate to support calibration. Calibration checks often precede safety-critical operations such as preparing a robot for surgery, requiring inter-party interaction to complete checks. At the same time, the parties involved in a calibration ecosystem may share an adversarial relationship with a subset of other parties. For instance, a surgical robot manufacturer may wish to hide the identities of third-parties from the op…
Due to the critical importance of Industrial Control Systems (ICS) to the operations of cities and countries, research into the security of critical infrastructure has become increasingly relevant and necessary. As a component of both the research and application sides of smart city development, accurate and precise modeling, simulation, and verification are key parts of a robust design and development tools that provide critical assistance in the prevention, detection, and recovery from abnormal behavior in the sensors, controllers, and actuators which make up a modern ICS system. However, wh…
Columbia University（哥伦比亚大学）；Johns Hopkins University（约翰斯·霍普金斯大学）
Due to the increasing usage of machine learning (ML) techniques in security- and safety-critical domains, such as autonomous systems and medical diagnosis, ensuring correct behavior of ML systems, especially for different corner cases, is of growing importance. In this paper, we propose a generic framework for evaluating security and robustness of ML systems using different real-world safety properties. We further design, implement and evaluate VeriVis, a scalable methodology that can verify a diverse set of safety properties for state-of-the-art computer vision systems with only blackbox acce…
Hybrid Hierarchical Runtime Verification for Edge-IoT Security: Combining MonPoly and RTLola
Clone Systems（Clone Systems公司）；International Hellenic University（国际希腊大学）；Aristotle University of Thessaloniki（塞萨洛尼基亚里士多德大学）；University of Thessaly（色萨利大学）
