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arXiv 2203.01334astro-ph.EPastro-ph.SR
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气体动摩擦中偏心率的演化

Eccentricity Evolution in Gaseous Dynamical Friction

Ákos Szölgyén, Morgan MacLeod, Abraham Loeb

摘要:

我们分析如何阻力修改通过扩展的气体分布移动的物体的轨道。我们考虑如何流体动力(表面积)阻力和动力摩擦(重力)阻力驱动的轨道偏心率的演变。虽然流体动力阻力使偏心轨道变得更圆,但动力摩擦阻力可使轨道变得更偏心。我们开发了一个半解析模型,通过比较近拱点和远拱点的总工作和扭矩,准确地预测这些变化。我们使用一个玩具模型的径向幂律密度分布,$ρ\propto r^{-γ}$,以确定有一个关键的$γ= 3$功率指数,分离的偏心率演化动力摩擦:轨道变得更加偏心的$γ< 3$和圆形的$γ> 3$。我们将这些发现应用于一颗类似彗星的行星落入其宿主恒星的包络中。恒星的流体静力学包层由边缘附近的陡峭密度梯度和内部较浅的梯度所定义。在气体动力摩擦的影响下,下落物体的轨道偏心率将先减小,然后增大。描述这些制度的临界分离是由局部密度斜率预测的,并且线性依赖于多变指数。更广泛地说,我们的研究结果表明,二进制系统可能会经常出现从共同的信封阶段与非零偏心率,激发的动力摩擦力,驱动其轨道收紧。

英文摘要:

We analyse how drag forces modify the orbits of objects moving through extended gaseous distributions. We consider how hydrodynamic (surface area) drag forces and dynamical friction (gravitational) drag forces drive the evolution of orbital eccentricity. While hydrodynamic drag forces cause eccentric orbits to become more circular, dynamical friction drag can cause orbits to become more eccentric. We develop a semi-analytic model that accurately predicts these changes by comparing the total work and torque applied to the orbit at periapse and apoapse. We use a toy model of a radial power-law density profile, $ρ\propto r^{-γ}$, to determine that there is a critical $γ= 3$ power index which separates the eccentricity evolution in dynamical friction: orbits become more eccentric for $γ< 3$ and circularize for $γ> 3$. We apply these findings to the infall of a Jupiter-like planet into the envelope of its host star. The hydrostatic envelopes of stars are defined by steep density gradients near the limb and shallower gradients in the interior. Under the influence of gaseous dynamical friction, an infalling object's orbit will first decrease in eccentricity, then increase. The critical separation that delineates these regimes is predicted by the local density slope and is linearly dependent on polytropic index. More broadly, our findings indicate that binary systems may routinely emerge from common envelope phases with non-zero eccentricities that were excited by the dynamical friction forces that drove their orbital tightening.

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