单自由电子对离散量子系统的完全激发
Complete Excitation of Discrete Quantum Systems by Single Free Electrons
摘要：
我们揭示了一个丰富的非线性和反冲效应的相互作用，个别低能电子和样品包括一个离散的状态。采用结合自由电子和两个能级系统的量子理论描述，我们发现一个最大的可实现的激发概率$100\%$，这需要特定的条件有关的耦合强度和过渡对称性，我们说明通过计算偶极和四极模式。强烈的反冲效应时，观察到的探针的动能位于接近过渡阈值，虽然相关的概率保持独立的电子波函数，即使充分考虑到非线性相互作用与任意复杂的多级样品。我们的工作揭示了自由电子控制局域激发的潜力，并划定了这种控制的边界。
英文摘要：
We reveal a wealth of nonlinear and recoil effects in the interaction between individual low-energy electrons and samples comprising a discrete number of states. Adopting a quantum theoretical description of combined free-electron and two-level systems, we find a maximum achievable excitation probability of $100\%$, which requires specific conditions relating to the coupling strength and the transition symmetry, as we illustrate through calculations for dipolar and quadrupolar modes. Strong recoil effects are observed when the kinetic energy of the probe lies close to the transition threshold, although the associated probability remains independent of the electron wave function even when fully accounting for nonlinear interactions with arbitrarily complex multilevel samples. Our work reveals the potential of free electrons to control localized excitations and delineates the boundaries of such control.
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