地理信息系统在世界各地学校中的应用：回顾性分析
The application of geographic information systems in schools around the world: a retrospective analysis
摘要：
这篇文章致力于将地理信息系统（GIS）纳入世界学校实践的问题。在对国内外地理教育文献进行回顾性分析的基础上，提出了地理信息系统在学校地理教育中应用的阶段。第一阶段（20世纪70年代末至90年代初）是第一个教育GIS计划和学校与大学之间的合作协议的开始。第二阶段（20世纪90年代中期-21世纪初）包括在欧洲和澳大利亚学校中分发GIS教育课程，并有GIS软件包的主要开发人员（ESRI，Intergraph，MapInfo Corp.，等）。第三阶段（2005-2012年）标志着地理信息系统学校教育在东欧、亚洲、非洲和拉丁美洲的普及;第四阶段（2012年至今）地理信息系统出现在大多数国家的学校课程中。地理信息系统技术发展阶段的特点，考虑到地理信息系统教学的可能性，学校地理的研究，以及突出其优点和缺点。
英文摘要：
The article is devoted to the problem of incorporation geographic information systems (GIS) in world school practice. The authors single out the stages of GIS application in school geographical education based on the retrospective analysis of the scientific literature. The first stage (late 70s - early 90s of the 20th century) is the beginning of the first educational GIS programs and partnership agreements between schools and universities. The second stage (mid 90s of the 20th century - the beginning of the 21st century) comprises the distribution of GIS-educational programs in European and Australian schools with the involvement of leading developers of GIS-packages (ESRI, Intergraph, MapInfo Corp., etc.). The third stage (2005-2012) marks the spread of the GIS school education in Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America; on the fourth stage (from 2012 to the present) geographic information systems emerge in school curricula in most countries. The haracteristics of the GIS-technologies development stages are given considering the GIS didactic possibilities for the study of school geography, as well as highlighting their advantages and disadvantages.
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