超临界磁场与亚临界电场中的真空双折射
Vacuum Birefringence in a Supercritical Magnetic Field and a Subcritical Electric Field
AI总结：
提出一种包含极强磁场和较弱电场效应的真空双折射表述方法，发现沿磁场的电场会减弱双折射并旋转偏振矢量，为磁化中子星X射线精确偏振测量提供理论依据。
摘要：
近期亚临界场的超强激光以及对超临界场强磁中子星X射线偏振的拟议观测，引起了人们对真空双折射这一非线性电动力学独特现象的关注。我们提出了一种真空双折射的表述方法，考虑了在极强磁场中加入较弱电场的效应。为此，我们首先利用任意强磁场下单圈有效拉格朗日量的显式公式，推导出了组合磁场和电场下单圈有效拉格朗日量的闭合解析表达式。随后，我们利用该表达式推导了真空的极化和磁化，从而获得了弱探测场的介电常数和磁导率。最后，我们求出了平行磁场和电场情况下的折射率及相关的偏振矢量。所提出的表述预测，沿磁场方向的电场会减弱双折射并旋转偏振矢量。对于磁化中子星X射线的精确偏振测量应考虑这些效应，这将证明强场量子电动力学（QED）的基本方面，并探索天体的极端场。
英文摘要：
Recent ultra-intense lasers of subcritical fields and proposed observations of the x-rays polarization from highly magnetized neutron stars of supercritical fields have attracted attention to vacuum birefringence, a unique feature of nonlinear electrodynamics. We propose a formulation of vacuum birefringence that incorporates the effects of the weaker electric field added to the extremely strong magnetic field. To do so, we first derive a closed analytical expression for the one-loop effective Lagrangian for the combined magnetic and electric fields by using an explicit formula of the one-loop effective Lagrangian for an arbitrarily strong magnetic field. We then employ the expression to derive the polarization and magnetization of the vacuum, from which the permittivity and permeability for weak probe fields are obtained. Finally, we find the refractive indices and the associated polarization vectors for the case of parallel magnetic and electric fields. The proposed formulation predicts that an electric field along the magnetic field reduces the birefringence and rotates the polarization vectors. Such effects should be taken into account for accurate polarimetry of the x-rays from magnetized neutron stars, which will prove the fundamental aspect of the strong field quantum electrodynamics (QED) and explore the extreme fields of astrophysical bodies.
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