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arXiv 2202.01786astro-ph.HE
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千诺瓦AT2017gfo光谱的模拟-- I:光球历元

Modelling the spectra of the kilonova AT2017gfo -- I: The photospheric epochs

J. H. Gillanders, S. J. Smartt, S. A. Sim, A. Bauswein, S. Goriely

摘要:

与中子星(BNS)合并GW 170817相关的千诺瓦(KN)是唯一已知的引力波源的电磁对应物。在这里,我们产生一系列的辐射传输模型(使用$\textsc{tardis}$)与更新的原子数据,并将它们与精确校准的光谱进行比较。我们使用的元素组成的核网络计算的基础上一个现实的流体动力学模拟的BNS合并。我们发现,在合并后+1.4天的蓝色光谱需要一个高电子分数的核合成轨迹。我们的最佳拟合模型完全由第一$r$过程峰元素(Sr和Zr)组成,并且Sr $\,\textsc{ii}$吸收很好地再现了强吸收特征。在这个时期,我们设定了$X_{\textsc{ln}} \lesssim 5 \times 10^{-3}$的镧系元素质量分数的上限。相反,来自$+2.4 - 6.4$天的所有后续光谱需要存在适量的镧系元素材料($X_{\textsc{ln}} \simeq 0.05^{+0.05}_{-0.02}$),其通过具有$Y_{\rm e} = 0.29$的轨迹产生。这产生了低于6000 $\,$锶的镧系元素诱导的线覆盖,以及足够的轻$r$过程元素来解释在$\sim 0.7 - 1.0 \, \micron$(Sr $\,\textsc{ii}$)的持续强特征。该组合物给出了很好的匹配,观察到的数据,表明在近红外(NIR)过量的结果,强烈的蓝色通量赤字。第一个时期和所有其他时期之间的成分不相交表明喷出物分层,或者存在两种不同的物质成分。这进一步支持了“双组分”kilonova模型,并限制了核合成轨迹的元素组成。主要的不确定性在于原子数据的可用性和膨胀物质的电离状态。

英文摘要:

The kilonova (KN) associated with the binary neutron star (BNS) merger GW170817 is the only known electromagnetic counterpart to a gravitational wave source. Here we produce a sequence of radiative transfer models (using $\textsc{tardis}$) with updated atomic data, and compare them to accurately calibrated spectra. We use element compositions from nuclear network calculations based on a realistic hydrodynamical simulation of a BNS merger. We show that the blue spectrum at +1.4 days after merger requires a nucleosynthetic trajectory with a high electron fraction. Our best-fitting model is composed entirely of first $r$-process peak elements (Sr & Zr) and the strong absorption feature is reproduced well by Sr$\,\textsc{ii}$ absorption. At this epoch, we set an upper limit on the lanthanide mass fraction of $X_{\textsc{ln}} \lesssim 5 \times 10^{-3}$. In contrast, all subsequent spectra from $+2.4 - 6.4$ days require the presence of a modest amount of lanthanide material ($X_{\textsc{ln}} \simeq 0.05^{+0.05}_{-0.02}$), produced by a trajectory with $Y_{\rm e} = 0.29$. This produces lanthanide-induced line blanketing below 6000$\,$Å, and sufficient light $r$-process elements to explain the persistent strong feature at $\sim 0.7 - 1.0 \, \micron$ (Sr$\,\textsc{ii}$). The composition gives good matches to the observed data, indicating that the strong blue flux deficit results in the near-infrared (NIR) excess. The disjoint in composition between the first epoch and all others indicates either ejecta stratification, or the presence of two distinct components of material. This further supports the `two-component' kilonova model, and constrains the element composition from nucleosynthetic trajectories. The major uncertainties lie in availability of atomic data and the ionisation state of the expanding material.

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