The kilonova (KN) associated with the binary neutron star (BNS) merger GW170817 is the only known electromagnetic counterpart to a gravitational wave source. Here we produce a sequence of radiative transfer models (using $\textsc{tardis}$) with updated atomic data, and compare them to accurately calibrated spectra. We use element compositions from nuclear network calculations based on a realistic hydrodynamical simulation of a BNS merger. We show that the blue spectrum at +1.4 days after merger requires a nucleosynthetic trajectory with a high electron fraction. Our best-fitting model is composed entirely of first $r$-process peak elements (Sr & Zr) and the strong absorption feature is reproduced well by Sr$\,\textsc{ii}$ absorption. At this epoch, we set an upper limit on the lanthanide mass fraction of $X_{\textsc{ln}} \lesssim 5 \times 10^{-3}$. In contrast, all subsequent spectra from $+2.4 - 6.4$ days require the presence of a modest amount of lanthanide material ($X_{\textsc{ln}} \simeq 0.05^{+0.05}_{-0.02}$), produced by a trajectory with $Y_{\rm e} = 0.29$. This produces lanthanide-induced line blanketing below 6000$\,$Å, and sufficient light $r$-process elements to explain the persistent strong feature at $\sim 0.7 - 1.0 \, \micron$ (Sr$\,\textsc{ii}$). The composition gives good matches to the observed data, indicating that the strong blue flux deficit results in the near-infrared (NIR) excess. The disjoint in composition between the first epoch and all others indicates either ejecta stratification, or the presence of two distinct components of material. This further supports the `two-component' kilonova model, and constrains the element composition from nucleosynthetic trajectories. The major uncertainties lie in availability of atomic data and the ionisation state of the expanding material.
A Hybrid Framework for Kilonova Anomaly Detection using Single-Epoch SEDs from the 7-Dimensional Telescope
Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii(夏威夷大学天文学研究所);SNU Astronomy Research Center, Astronomy Program, Department of Physics & Astronomy, Seoul National University(首尔大学天文学研究中心天文学项目物理与天文学系)
The Ep-Liso correlation: A new diagnostic tool for kilonova transients
INAF – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio(意大利国家天体物理研究所空间科学天文台);Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna(博洛尼亚大学物理与天文学“奥古斯托·里吉”系);Department of Physics and Earth Science, University of Ferrara(费拉拉大学地球科学与物理学系);INFN, Sezione di Ferrara(意大利国家核物理研究所费拉拉分部);INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico d’Abruzzo(意大利国家天体物理研究所阿布鲁佐天文台);Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe Universität(歌德大学理论物理研究所)
Queen’s University Belfast(贝尔法斯特女王大学);Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin(都柏林三一学院);GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung(德国重离子研究中心);University of Copenhagen(哥本哈根大学);University of Oxford(牛津大学)
Lanthanide Impact on the Infra-Red Spectra of Nebular Phase Kilonovae
Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute)(马克斯·普朗克引力物理研究所(爱因斯坦研究所));Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University(京都大学汤川理论物理研究所);Astronomical Institute, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University(东北大学理学研究科天体物理研究所);Frontier Research Institute of Interdisciplinary Sciences (FRIS), Tohoku University(东北大学前沿跨学科科学研究院);Oskar Klein Center, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University(斯德哥尔摩大学天文系奥谢·克莱因中心);Theoretical Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University(乌普萨拉大学物理与天文系理论天体物理学)
A lanthanide-rich kilonova in the aftermath of a long gamma-ray burst
University of Rome “Tor Vergata”(罗马第二大学);INAF - Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica(意大利国家天体物理研究所);The George Washington University(乔治华盛顿大学);University of Maryland, College Park(马里兰大学帕克分校);NASA Goddard Space Flight Center(美国宇航局戈达德太空飞行中心);Los Alamos National Laboratory(洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室);The University of Arizona(亚利桑那大学);The University of New Mexico(新墨西哥大学);Seoul National University(首尔大学);Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica(意大利国家计量研究所);INAF - Istituto di Radioastronomia(意大利国家天体物理研究所射电天文台);Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas(巴西物理研究中心);Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca(塞尔索·苏科瓦·达丰塞卡联邦技术教育中心);Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA-CSIC)(安达卢西亚天体物理研究所(西班牙高等科研理事会));Universidad de Málaga(马拉加大学);Beijing Normal University(北京师范大学);The Pennsylvania State University(宾夕法尼亚州立大学);Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics(理论物理柏米特研究所);University of Bath(巴斯大学);University of Science and Technology of China(中国科学技术大学);Massachusetts Institute of Technology(麻省理工学院);Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute(韩国天文与空间科学研究院);International Center for Advanced Studies & Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, ECyT-UNSAM & CONICET(高级国际研究中心与物理科学研究所,萨米萨大学理学院与阿根廷国家科学研究委员会);SOAR Telescope/NSF’s NOIRLab(SOAR望远镜/美国国家光学红外天文研究实验室)
Improved lanthanide constraints for the kilonova AT 2017gfo
University of Oxford(牛津大学);GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung(德国重离子研究中心);Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas (LIP)(粒子仪器与实验物理实验室);Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa(里斯本大学理学院)
Strontium and helium in the kilonova AT2017gfo: Origin of the 1μm feature constrained via NLTE calculations
Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN)(宇宙黎明中心);Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen(哥本哈根大学尼尔斯玻尔研究所);Astrophysics Research Centre, Queen’s University Belfast(贝尔法斯特女王大学天体物理研究中心)
Photospheric Magnitude Diagrams for Type II Supernovae: A Promising Tool to Compute Distances
我们为II型超新星(SNe II)开发了一个经验的基于颜色的标准化方法,相当于Wesselink(1969)给出的经典表面亮度方法。我们校准它与SNE II与主机星系的距离测量造父变星,以及约束冲击爆发时代和灭绝由于主机星系。我们通过分析B-V与V-I颜色-颜色曲线来估计变红,类似于Natali等人(1994)的分析。在四个SNe II满足上述要求的情况下,我们建立了光球星等-色图(类似于HR图),离散度为0.29 mag.我们还表明,当使用冲击爆发后的时间而不是颜色作为自变量时,相同的标准化给出了0.09 mag.的离散度。此外,我们表明,上述基于时间的标准化对应于Hamuy和Pinto(2002)的标准化蜡烛方法在整个光球相的各个时期的推广。为了测试新工具,我们对50个低红移(cz<10^4 km s^-1)SNe II的不同子样本构建了哈勃图。对于哈勃流中的13个超新星(cz_CMB>3000 km s^-1),在激波爆发时期受到很好的约束的情况下,我们得到的哈勃常数值为68-69 km s^-1 Mpc^-1,相对距离的平均内禀散射为0.12等或6%。
High-Velocity Features of Calcium and Silicon in the Spectra of Type Ia Supernovae
“高速特征”(High-velocity features,HVF)是Ia型超新星(SNe Ia)的光谱特征,它们的最小值表明速度比典型的“光球速度特征”(photosphere velocity features,PVF)高出约6000 km/s。PVF是具有指示典型光球的最小值的吸收特征(即,大量喷出物)速度(通常约为9000- 15000 km/s,接近B波段最大亮度)。在这项工作中,我们进行了有史以来最深入的研究HVFs。本文使用的数据集包括445个低分辨率光学和近红外(NIR)光谱(在最大亮度过去5 d的时期)的210个低红移超新星Ia,遵循“菲利普斯关系”。“一系列高斯函数与数据拟合,以确定Ca II H&K,Si II λ6355和Ca II NIR三重态的可能HVF。的PVFs和HVFs的这三个光谱特征的速度和强度的时间演化的影响,可能与其他超新星Ia观测的相关性。我们发现,虽然Ca II的HVFs经常被观察到(除了在暗超新星Ia中,它们从未被发现),但Si II λ6355的HVFs非常罕见,它们往往存在于最早的时期,并且大多存在于具有大光球速度的物体中。它还表明,更强的HVFs的Si II λ6355中发现的对象,缺乏C II吸收在早期的时间,并有红色的紫外线/光学颜色接近最大亮度。这些结果导致了Si II λ6355的HVFs的存在和强度与许多其他相互关联的S…
The Electromagnetic Counterpart of the Binary Neutron Star Merger LIGO/VIRGO GW170817. IV. Detection of Near-infrared Signatures of r-process Nucleosynthesis with Gemini-South