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arXiv 2202.00615astro-ph.SRastro-ph.HE
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离心磁层恒星光变曲线中的电子散射发射

Electron Scattering Emission in the Light Curves of Stars with Centrifugal Magnetospheres

I. D. Berry, S. P. Owocki, M. E. Shultz, A. ud-Doula

摘要:

强磁性、快速旋转的B型恒星,风相对较弱,形成离心磁层(CM),因为恒星风在开普勒共同旋转半径以上被磁限制。近似的磁场作为一个偶极子倾斜的角度$β$相对于旋转轴,CM等离子体集中在云和以上的开普勒半径沿交叉的旋转和磁赤道平面。恒星的自转可以把这种云带到恒星盘的前面,导致0.1量级的吸收(连续通量的$\sim 10 \%$)。然而,一些具有突出CM的恒星,如$σ$ Ori E,除了吸收骤降外,还显示出发射凸起,这是迄今为止无法解释的。我们表明,发射可以发生从电子散射向观察者时,CM云投射出恒星的肢体。使用刚性旋转磁层模型,修改与离心爆发密度缩放,我们提出了一个模型网格的光度光变曲线跨越参数空间的观察者倾斜角$i$,磁致伸缩角$β$,临界旋转分数$W$,和光学深度在开普勒半径$τ_{\text{K}}$。我们发现,单位阶数的$τ_{\text{K}}$可以产生在$σ$ Ori E中看到的量级为$\sim 0.05$的发射凸起。我们讨论了CM星的光变曲线建模的影响,以及未来的工作应用辐射转移模型在这里开发的三维MHD模拟CM。

英文摘要:

Strongly magnetic, rapidly rotating B-type stars with relatively weak winds form centrifugal magnetospheres (CMs), as the stellar wind becomes magnetically confined above the Kepler co-rotation radius. Approximating the magnetic field as a dipole tilted by an angle $β$ with respect to the rotation axis, the CM plasma is concentrated in clouds at and above the Kepler radius along the intersection of the rotational and magnetic equatorial planes. Stellar rotation can bring such clouds in front of the stellar disk, leading to absorption of order 0.1 magnitude ($\sim 10 \%$ of continuum flux). However some stars with prominent CMs, such as $σ$ Ori E, show an emission bump in addition to absorption dips, which has been so far unexplained. We show that emission can occur from electron scattering toward the observer when CM clouds are projected off the stellar limb. Using the Rigidly Rotating Magnetosphere model, modified with a centrifugal breakout density scaling, we present a model grid of photometric light curves spanning parameter space in observer inclination angle $i$, magnetic obliquity angle $β$, critical rotation fraction $W$, and optical depth at the Kepler radius $τ_{\text{K}}$. We show that $τ_{\text{K}}$ of order unity can produce emission bumps of the magnitude $\sim 0.05$ seen in $σ$ Ori E. We discuss the implications for modeling the light curves of CM stars, as well as future work for applying the radiative transfer model developed here to 3D MHD simulations of CMs.

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