While the estimation of risk is an important question in the daily business of banking and insurance, many existing plug-in estimation procedures suffer from an unnecessary bias. This often leads to the underestimation of risk and negatively impacts backtesting results, especially in small sample cases. In this article we show that the link between estimation bias and backtesting can be traced back to the dual relationship between risk measures and the corresponding performance measures, and discuss this in reference to value-at-risk, expected shortfall and expectile value-at-risk.
Motivated by the consistent underestimation of risk by plug-in procedures, we propose a new algorithm for bias correction and show how to apply it for generalized Pareto distributions to the i.i.d.\ setting and to a GARCH(1,1) time series. In particular, we show that the application of our algorithm leads to gain in efficiency when heavy tails or heteroscedasticity exists in the data.
Multinomial VaR Backtests: A simple implicit approach to backtesting expected shortfall
根据交易账簿基本面审查(FRTB),交易账簿的资本费用基于一致的预期损失(ES)风险度量,该度量对尾部风险表现出更高的敏感度。本文认为,预期损失的回测--或计算该回测的交易账簿模型--可以基于不同水平的风险价值(VaR)例外的同时多项式检验,Emmer et al.(2015)提出的基于分布的多个分位数的ES近似支持了这一想法。通过比较Pearson、Nass和似然比检验(LRT)对不同数量的VaR水平$N$的检验结果,在一系列的模拟实验中,我们发现使用$N\geq 4$的多项检验在检测交易账面损失模型的错误设定方面比使用对应于$N=1$的标准二项例外检验要强大得多。每个测试都有其优点:皮尔逊提供了简单;对于选择$N$,Nass在其大小特性方面是稳健的; LRT非常强大,尽管在小样本中稍微过大,并且计算负担更重。提出了一种基于多项式检验的交易账簿模型的红绿灯系统,并将推荐的方法应用于跨越2008年金融危机的真实数据示例。
On the properties of the Lambda value at risk: robustness, elicitability and consistency
近年来,金融业和监管机构加强了对风险度量良好性质的争论。一个基本问题是评估风险估计的质量。一方面,一个回测程序是可取的,以评估这种估计的准确性,这可以自然地实现由elicitable风险措施。对于同一目标,Davis(2016)通过所谓的一致性属性引入了另一种方法。另一方面,风险估计对现有数据集的微小变化应不太敏感,并表现出定性的稳健性。Frittelli et al.(2014)最近提出了一种新的风险度量方法--Lambda风险价值(Lambda VaR),作为VaR的推广,能够区分具有不同尾部行为的损益分布之间的风险。在这篇文章中,我们证明了Lambda VaR在一定条件下也满足鲁棒性,启发性和一致性。