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arXiv 2201.09939cond-mat.soft
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裂缝前沿内隐藏的3D结构如何揭示能量平衡

How hidden 3D structure within crack fronts reveals energy balance

Meng Wang, Mokhtar Adda-Bedia, John M. Kolinski, Jay Fineberg

摘要:

一个世纪以来,格里菲斯的能量准则或“能量平衡”一直是断裂力学的基础;流入裂纹前缘的能量与前缘的耗散(断裂能)精确平衡。如果裂纹前缘结构没有得到适当的考虑,能量平衡将失效或导致不切实际的结果。在这里,我们研究了拉伸载荷条件下的水凝胶中的低速裂纹扩展的二级结构的影响。我们首先证明这些裂纹是双稳态的;在相同的载荷条件下可以产生简单(没有二级结构的裂纹)或刻面裂纹状态(由沿着裂纹前沿传播的台阶形成)。任一裂纹状态的选择是由最初的“种子”裂纹的形式确定的;完美的种子裂纹产生简单的裂纹,而一个小的本地模式III组件产生裂纹前沿具有多个步骤。台阶粗化最终导致沿裂纹前沿传播的单个台阶。当它们演化时,台阶局部地改变裂纹前缘的瞬时结构和运动,破坏横向平移不变性。与简单裂纹相反,刻面裂纹可以,因此,不再被认为是存在于一个准二维系统。对于简单的和刻面裂纹,我们同时测量的能量通量和局部耗散沿这些裂纹前沿的速度,$v$,跨越$0<v<0.2c_R$($c_R$是瑞利波速度)。我们发现,在裂纹前缘内的二级结构的存在下,能量平衡的实施必须推广到3D系统;刻面裂纹揭示能量平衡,只有当我们考虑到在沿裂纹前缘的每个点的局部动态耗散。

英文摘要:

Griffith's energetic criterion, or `energy balance', has for a century formed the basis for fracture mechanics; the energy flowing into a crack front is precisely balanced by the dissipation (fracture energy) at the front. If the crack front structure is not properly accounted for, energy balance will either appear to fail or lead to unrealistic results. Here, we study the influence of the secondary structure of low-speed crack propagation in hydrogels under tensile loading conditions. We first show that these cracks are bistable; either simple (cracks having no secondary structure) or faceted crack states (formed by steps propagating along crack fronts) can be generated under identical loading conditions. The selection of either crack state is determined by the form of the initial `seed' crack; perfect seed cracks generate simple cracks while a small local mode~III component generates crack fronts having multiple steps. Step coarsening eventually leads to single steps that propagate along crack fronts. As they evolve, steps locally change the instantaneous structure and motion of the crack front, breaking transverse translational invariance. In contrast to simple cracks, faceted cracks can, therefore, no longer be considered as existing in a quasi-2D system. For both simple and faceted cracks we simultaneously measure the energy flux and local dissipation along these crack fronts over velocities, $v$, spanning $0<v<0.2c_R$ ($c_R$ is the Rayleigh wave speed). We find that, in the presence of secondary structure within the crack front, the implementation of energy balance must be generalized for 3D systems; faceted cracks reveal energy balance, only when we account for the local dynamic dissipation at each point along the crack front.

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