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arXiv 2201.09888astro-ph.GA
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大尺度宇宙学模拟中低质量星系中的黑洞布居

The black hole population in low-mass galaxies in large-scale cosmological simulations

Houda Haidar, Melanie Habouzit, Marta Volonteri, Mar Mezcua, Jenny Greene, Nadine Neumayer, Daniel Angles-Alcazar, Ignacio Martin-Navarro, Nils Hoyer, Yohan Dubois, Romeel Dave

摘要:

最近对矮星系中的大质量黑洞(BH)的系统搜索导致了一群微弱的活动星系核(AGN)的发现。我们调查的协议的BH和活动星系核人口在插图,TNG,地平线活动星系核,鹰,和SIMPA模拟与当前的观测限制在低质量星系。我们发现,这些模拟产生的BH是太大了,并且在z=0的BH占用分数不是从模拟播种建模继承的。黑洞和它们的宿主星系对活动星系核提供能量的能力依赖于黑洞和星系次网格模型。活动星系核在低质量星系中所占的比例不用于校准模拟,因此可以用于区分星系形成模型。活动星系核分数在z=0跨越两个数量级的固定星系恒星质量的模拟,类似于观测的限制,但不确定性和退化影响观测和模拟。协议是很难解释,由于模拟和观测到的BH,BH占领分数的数值选择的影响,和一个未知的部分模糊AGN的质量差异。我们的工作主张与观测进行更彻底的比较,以改善宇宙学模拟的建模,以及我们对低质量体系中BH和星系物理的理解。黑洞的质量,它们有效地吸积气体的能力,以及低质量星系中活动星系核的比例,对整个黑洞和星系种群随时间的积累有着重要的影响。

英文摘要:

Recent systematic searches for massive black holes (BHs) in local dwarf galaxies led to the discovery of a population of faint Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN). We investigate the agreement of the BH and AGN populations in the Illustris, TNG, Horizon-AGN, EAGLE, and SIMBA simulations with current observational constraints in low-mass galaxies. We find that some of these simulations produce BHs that are too massive, and that the BH occupation fraction at z=0 is not inherited from the simulation seeding modeling. The ability of BHs and their host galaxies to power an AGN depends on BH and galaxy subgrid modeling. The fraction of AGN in low-mass galaxies is not used to calibrate the simulations, and thus can be used to differentiate galaxy formation models. AGN fractions at z=0 span two orders of magnitude at fixed galaxy stellar mass in simulations, similarly to observational constraints, but uncertainties and degeneracies affect both observations and simulations. The agreement is difficult to interpret due to differences in the masses of simulated and observed BHs, BH occupation fraction affected by numerical choices, and an unknown fraction of obscured AGN. Our work advocates for more thorough comparisons with observations to improve the modeling of cosmological simulations, and our understanding of BH and galaxy physics in the low-mass regime. The mass of BHs, their ability to efficiently accrete gas, and the AGN fraction in low-mass galaxies have important implications for the build-up of the entire BH and galaxy populations with time.

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