Numerous experimental and theoretical investigations have highlighted the power law behavior of the proton structure function $ F_2(x, Q^2) $, particularly the dependence of its power constant on various kinematic variables. In this study, we analyze the proton structure function $ F_2 $ employing the analytical solution of the Balitsky-Kovchegov equation, with a focus on the high $ Q^2 $ regime and small $ x $ domains. Our results indicate that as $ Q^2 $ increases, the slope parameter $ λ$, which characterizes the growth rate of $ F_2 $, exhibits a gradual decrease, approaching a limiting value of $ λ\approx 0.41 \pm 0.01 $ for large $ Q^2 $. We suggest that this behavior of $ λ$ may be attributed to mechanisms such as gluon overlap and the suppression of phase space growth. To substantiate these conclusions, further high-precision electron-ion collision experiments are required, encompassing a broad range of $ Q^2 $ and $ x $.
To sum high energy leading logarithms in a consistent way, one has to impose the strong ordering in both projectile rapidity and dense target rapidity simultaneously, which results in a kinematically improved Balitsky-Kovchegov(BK) equation. We find that beyond this strong ordering region, the important sub-leading double logarithms arise at high order due to the incomplete cancellation between real corrections and virtual corrections in a t-channel calculation. Based on this observation, we further argue that these double logarithms are the Sudakov type ones, and thus can be resummed into an …
In this paper, we present nuclear structure functions calculated from the impact-parameter dependent solution of the Balitsky-Kovchegov equation with our recently proposed set of nuclear initial conditions. We calculate the results with and without the non-linear term in the BK equation in order to study the impact of saturation effects on the measurable structure functions and nuclear modification factor. The difference of these results rises with decreasing Bjorken $x$ and increasing scale. These predictions are of interest to the physics program at the future ep and eA colliders.
The solution to the impact-parameter dependent Balitsky-Kovchegov equation with the collinearly improved kernel is studied in detail. The solution does not present the phenomenon of Coulomb tails at large impact parameters that have affected previous studies. The origin of this behaviour is explored numerically. It is found to be linked to the fact that this kernel suppresses large daughter dipoles. Solutions based on a physics motivated form of the initial condition are used to compute predictions for structure functions of the proton and the exclusive photo- and electroproduction of vector m…
An approximate analytical solution of the Balitsky-Kovchegov (BK) equation using the homotopy perturbation method (HPM) is suggested in this work. We have carried out our work in perturbative QCD (pQCD) dipole picture of deep inelastic scattering (DIS). The BK equation in momentum space with some change of variables and truncation of the BFKL (Balitsky-Fadin-Kuraev-Lipatov) kernel can be reduced to the FKPP (Fisher-Kolmogorov-Petrovsky-Piscounov) equation [Munier and Peschanski 2003]. The observed geometric scaling phenomena are similar to the travelling wave solution of the FKPP equation. We …
The high-energy evolution in perturbative QCD suffers from a severe lack-of-convergence problem, due to higher order corrections enhanced by double and single transverse logarithms. We resum double logarithms to all orders within the non-linear Balitsky-Kovchegov equation, by taking into account successive soft gluon emissions strongly ordered in lifetime. We further resum single logarithms generated by the first non-singular part of the splitting functions and by the one-loop running of the coupling. The resummed BK equation admits stable solutions, which are used to successfully fit the HERA…
We solved the impact-parameter dependent Balitsky-Kovchegov equation with the recently proposed collinearly imporved kernel. We find that the solutions do not present the Coulomb tails that have affected previous studies. We also show that once choosing an adequate initial condition it is possible to obtain a reasonable description of HERA data on the structure function of the proton, as well as on the cross section for the exclusive production of a $\mathrm{J/}ψ$ vector meson off proton targets. As a further application of the solutions, we computed the impact-parameter dependent Weiszäcker-W…
Exclusive vector meson production is an excellent probe for describing the structure of proton. In this paper, based on dipole model, the differential cross sections, total cross sections and the ratios of the longitudinal to transverse cross sections of $J/ψ$ and $ρ^0$ productions are calculated with the analytical solution of Balitsky-Kovchegov (BK) equation. In addition, we also consider the influences of two meson wave function models on the results. Our predictions, which are little sensitive to meson wave functions, agree with the experimental data. The analytical solution of BK equation…
An extended collinearly-improved Balitsky-Kovchegov evolution equation in the target rapidity representation is derived by including the running coupling corrections during the expansion of the "real" $S$-matrix. We find that the running coupling brings important corrections to the evolution equation, as one can see that there are extra contributions to the evolution kernel once the running coupling is included. To identify the significance of the corrections, we numerically solve the evolution equation with and without the running coupling contributions during the $S$-matrix expansion. The nu…
Nonlinear QCD evolution equations are essential tools in understanding the saturation of partons at small Bjorken $x_{\rm B}$, as they are supposed to restore an upper bound of unitarity for the cross section of high energy scattering. In this paper, we present an analytical solution of Balitsky-Kovchegov (BK) equation using the homogeneous balance method. The obtained analytical solution is similar to the solution of a traveling wave. By matching the gluon distribution in the dilute region which is determined from the global analysis of experimental data (CT14 analysis), we get a definitive s…
In this work we present dipole scattering amplitudes, including the dependence on the impact-parameter, for a variety of nuclear targets of interest for the electron-ion colliders (EICs) being currently designed. These amplitudes are obtained by numerically solving the Balitsky-Kovchegov equation with the collinearly improved kernel. Two different cases are studied: initial conditions representing the nucleus under consideration and the solutions based on an initial condition representing a proton complemented by a Glauber-Gribov prescription to obtain dipole-nucleus amplitudes. We find that t…
Reaching higher energies of electron-ion collisions with facilities like EIC is expected to provide a probe of a kinematic region where the parton densities should start to exhibit signs of saturation. This phenomenon is theoretically implemented by the Balitsky--Kovchegov (BK) equation, which, within the colour dipole model, describes the evolution of the dipole scattering amplitude with respect to rapidity. There are two possible formulations of the BK equation based on which rapidity, projectile or target, is considered. Besides this variable, there are four more degrees of freedom, two of …
We include resummation of large transverse logarithms into the next-to-leading order Balitsky-Kovchegov equation. The resummed NLO evolution equation is shown to be stable, the evolution speed being significantly reduced by higher order corrections. The contributions from $α_s^2$ terms that are not enhanced by large logarithms are found to be numerically important close to phenomenologically relevant initial conditions.
We analytically solve the Sudakov suppressed Balitsky-Kovchegov evolution equation with the fixed and running coupling constants in the saturation region. The analytic solution of the $S$-matrix shows the $\exp(\mathcal{O}(η^2))$ rapidity dependence of the solution with the fixed coupling constant is replaced by $\exp(\mathcal{O}(η^{3/2}))$ dependence in the smallest dipole running coupling case rather than obeying the law found in our previous publication, in which all the solutions of the next-to-leading order evolution equations comply with $\exp(\mathcal{O}(η))$ rapidity dependence once th…
We analytically solve the full next-to-leading logarithmic Balitsky-Kovchegov equation in the saturation regime, which includes corrections from quark and gluon loops, and large double transverse logarithms. The analytic result for the $S$-matrix in the saturation regime shows that the linear rapidity decrease with rapidity of the exponent in running coupling case is replaced by rapidity raised to power of 3/2 decreasing. The collinearly-improved Balitsky-Kovchegov equation are also analytically solved in the saturation regime. It shows that the double collinear logarithms do not contribute to…
This contribution presents the latest predictions for several QCD processes at low-x in the color dipole picture which are of interest for current hadron-hadron and future electron-hadron colliders. The predictions are derived using the solution to the Balitsky-Kovchegov equation for proton and nuclear targets. Two different approaches to the nuclear case are studied: a solution obtained using a newly proposed type of initial condition which represents the initial state of a given nucleus and the solutions based on an initial condition representing a proton coupled to a Glauber-Gribov prescrip…
We study the second order twist corrections to a toy model of a dipole-dipole interaction in the context of a both deterministic and stochastic effects. This work is done in the high $N_C$ limit in the Bjorken picture. We show that the correction to the second twist terms of the stochastic picture suggest additional importance of the second twist correction in the stochastic model as compared to the deterministic model.
We solve the Balitsky-Kovchegov evolution equation at next-to-leading order accuracy including a resummation of large single and double transverse momentum logarithms to all orders. We numerically determine an optimal value for the constant under the large transverse momentum logarithm that enables including a maximal amount of the full NLO result in the resummation. When this value is used the contribution from the $α_s^2$ terms without large logarithms is found to be small at large saturation scales and at small dipoles. Close to initial conditions relevant for phenomenological applications …
We revisited solution of a linearized form of leading order Balitsky-Kovchegov equation (linear in S-matrix for dipole-nucleus scattering). Here we adopted dipole transverse width dependent cutoff in order to regulate the dipole integral. We also have taken care of all the higher order terms (higher order in the cutoff) that have been reasonably neglected before. The solution reproduces both McLerran-Venugopalan type initial condition (Gaussian in scaling variable) and Levin-Tuchin solution (Gaussian in logarithm of scaling variable) in the appropriate limits. It also connects this two opposit…
We calculate finite-$N_\mathrm{c}$ corrections to the next-to-leading order (NLO) Balitsky-Kovchegov (BK) equation. We find analytical expressions for the necessary correlators of six Wilson lines in terms of the two-point function using the Gaussian approximation. In a suitable basis, the problem reduces from the diagonalization of a six-by-six matrix to the diagonalization of a three-by-three matrix, which can easily be done analytically. We study numerically the effects of these finite-$N_\mathrm{c}$ corrections on the NLO BK equation. In general, we find that the finite-$N_\mathrm{c}$ corr…
