Unveiling the Universe with Emerging Cosmological Probes
Michele Moresco, Lorenzo Amati, Luca Amendola, Simon Birrer, John P. Blakeslee, Michele Cantiello, Andrea Cimatti, Jeremy Darling, Massimo Della Valle, Maya Fis… 展开作者
Michele Moresco, Lorenzo Amati, Luca Amendola, Simon Birrer, John P. Blakeslee, Michele Cantiello, Andrea Cimatti, Jeremy Darling, Massimo Della Valle, Maya Fishbach, Claudio Grillo, Nico Hamaus, Daniel Holz, Luca Izzo, Raul Jimenez, Elisabeta Lusso, Massimo Meneghetti, Ester Piedipalumbo, Alice Pisani, Alkistis Pourtsidou, Lucia Pozzetti, Miguel Quartin, Guido Risaliti, Piero Rosati, Licia Verde
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Invited review article for Living Reviews in Relativity. Accepted version. 191 pages, 54 figures, 11 tables
The detection of the accelerated expansion of the Universe has been one of the major breakthroughs in modern cosmology. Several cosmological probes (CMB, SNe Ia, BAO) have been studied in depth to better understand the nature of the mechanism driving this acceleration, and they are being currently pushed to their limits, obtaining remarkable constraints that allowed us to shape the standard cosmological model. In parallel to that, however, the percent precision achieved has recently revealed apparent tensions between measurements obtained from different methods. These are either indicating some unaccounted systematic effects, or are pointing toward new physics. Following the development of CMB, SNe, and BAO cosmology, it is critical to extend our selection of cosmological probes. Novel probes can be exploited to validate results, control or mitigate systematic effects, and, most importantly, to increase the accuracy and robustness of our results. This review is meant to provide a state-of-art benchmark of the latest advances in emerging beyond-standard cosmological probes. We present how several different methods can become a key resource for observational cosmology. In particular, we review cosmic chronometers, quasars, gamma-ray bursts, standard sirens, lensing time-delay with galaxies and clusters, cosmic voids, neutral hydrogen intensity mapping, surface brightness fluctuations, stellar ages of the oldest objects, secular redshift drift, and clustering of standard candles. The review describes the method, systematics, and results of each probe in a homogeneous way, giving the reader a clear picture of the available innovative methods that have been introduced in recent years and how to apply them. The review also discusses the potential synergies and complementarities between the various probes, exploring how they will contribute to the future of modern cosmology.
Space based gravitational wave astronomy will open a completely new window on the Universe and massive black holes binaries are expected to be among the primary actors on this upcoming stage. The New Gravitational-wave Observatory (NGO) is a space interferometer proposal derived from the former Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) concept. We describe here its capabilities of observing massive black hole binaries throughout the Universe, measuring their relevant parameters (masses, spins, distance to the observer) to high precision. The statistical properties of the population of detected…
Beyond ΛCDM with the SKA Observatory -- II: Unveiling the Secrets of the Early Universe
University of the Western Cape（西开普大学）；University of Portsmouth（朴茨茅斯大学）；The University of Manchester（曼彻斯特大学）；Van Swinderen Institute, University of Groningen（格罗宁根大学范斯温德伦研究所）
Unveiling dark forces with measurements of the Large Scale Structure of the Universe
Scuola Normale Superiore（比萨高等师范学院）；INFN, Sezione di Pisa（意大利国家核物理研究所比萨分部）；Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics（基础理论物理珀尔默特研究所）；INFN, Sezione di Padova（意大利国家核物理研究所帕多瓦分部）；Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex（萨塞克斯大学物理与天文学系）
Previous studies of the galaxy and galaxy cluster distribution in the local Universe found indications for a large extension of the Local Supercluster up to a radius of 190 h_70^-1 Mpc. We are using our large and highly complete CLASSIX survey of X-ray luminous galaxy clusters detected in the ROSAT All Sky Survey to trace the matter distribution in the local Universe and to explore the size of the flattened local density structure associated with the Local Supercluster. The Local Supercluster is oriented almost perpendicular to the Galactic plane. Since Galactic extinction increases towards th…
We explore the dynamics and evolution of the Universe at early and late times, focusing on both dark energy and extended gravity models and their astrophysical and cosmological consequences. Modified theories of gravity not only provide an alternative explanation for the recent expansion history of the universe, but they also offer a paradigm fundamentally distinct from the simplest dark energy models of cosmic acceleration. In this review, we perform a detailed theoretical and phenomenological analysis of different modified gravity models and investigate their consistency. We also consider th…
The epoch of reionization (6 < z < 10) marks the period in our universe when the first large galaxies grew to fruition, and began to affect the universe around them. Massive stars, and potentially accreting supermassive black holes, filled the universe with ionizing radiation, burning off the haze of neutral gas that had filled the intergalactic medium (IGM) since recombination (z~1000). The evolution of this process constrains key properties of these earliest luminous sources, thus observationally constraining reionization is a key science goal for the next decade. The measurement of Lyman-al…
With this paper we participate to the call for ideas issued by the European Space Agency to define the Science Program and plan for space missions from 2035 to 2050. In particular we present five science cases where major advancements can be achieved thanks to space-based spectroscopic observations at ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths. We discuss the possibility to (1) unveil the large-scale structures and cosmic web in emission at redshift <~1.7; (2) study the exchange of baryons between galaxies and their surroundings to understand the contribution of the circumgalactic gas to the evolution and a…
Galaxy intrinsic alignment (IA) is both a source of systematic contamination to cosmic shear measurement and its cosmological applications, and a source of valuable information on the large scale structure of the universe and galaxy formation. The self-calibration (SC) method \citep{SC2008} was designed to separate IA from cosmic shear, free of IA modeling. It was first successfully applied to the KiDS450 and KV450 data \citep{Yao2019}. We apply the SC method to the DECaLS DR3 shear + photo-z catalog and significantly improve the IA detection to $\sim 14σ$. We find a strong dependence of IA on…
We study the evolution of turbulence in the early universe at the QCD epoch using a state-of-the-art equation of state derived from lattice QCD simulations. Since the transition is a crossover we assume that temperature and velocity fluctuations were generated by some event in the previous history of the Universe and survive until the QCD epoch due to the extremely large Reynolds number of the primordial fluid. The fluid at the QCD epoch is assumed to be non-viscous, based on the fact that the viscosity per entropy density of the quark gluon plasma obtained from heavy-ion collision experiments…
We consider a scale invariant model which includes a $R^{2}$ term in action and show that a stable "emerging universe" scenario is possible. The model belongs to the general class of theories, where an integration measure independent of the metric is introduced. To implement scale invariance (S.I.), a dilaton field is introduced. The integration of the equations of motion associated with the new measure gives rise to the spontaneous symmetry breaking (S.S.B) of S.I. After S.S.B. of S.I. in the model with the $R^{2}$ term (and first order formalism applied), it is found that a non trivial poten…
The detection of Pop III supernovae could directly probe the primordial IMF for the first time, unveiling the properties of the first galaxies, early chemical enrichment and reionization, and the seeds of supermassive black holes. Growing evidence that some Pop III stars were less massive than 100 solar masses may complicate prospects for their detection, because even though they would have been more plentiful they would have died as core-collapse supernovae, with far less luminosity than pair-instability explosions. This picture greatly improves if the SN shock collides with a dense circumste…
In the hierarchical structure formation model of the universe, galaxy clusters are assembled through a series of mergers. Accordingly, it is expected that galaxy clusters in the early universe are actively forming and dynamically young. Located at a high redshift of z=1.71, SpARCS1049+56 offers a unique look into the galaxy cluster formation process. This cluster has been shown to be rich in cluster galaxies and to have intense star formation. Its high redshift pushes a weak-lensing analysis beyond the regime of the optical spectrum into that of the infrared. Equipped with deep Hubble Space Te…
The dilaton-gravity sector of a linear in the scalar curvature, scale invariant Two Measures Field Theory (TMT), is explored in detail in the context of closed FRW cosmology and shown to allow stable emerging universe solutions. The model possesses scale invariance which is spontaneously broken due to the intrinsic features of the TMT dynamics. We study the transition from the emerging phase to inflation, and then to a zero cosmological constant phase. We also study the spectrum of density perturbations and the constraints that impose on the parameters of the theory.
The standard model of cosmology assumes that the Universe can be described to hover around a homogeneous-isotropic solution of Einstein's general theory of relativity. This description needs (sometimes hidden) hypotheses that restrict the generality, and relaxing these restrictions is the headline of a new physical approach to cosmology that refurnishes the cosmological framework. Considering a homogeneous geometry as a template geometry for the in reality highly inhomogeneous Universe must be considered a strong idealization. Unveiling the limitations of the standard model opens the door to r…
The measurements of the Hubble constant reveal a tension between high-redshift (CMB) and low-redshift (distance ladder) constraints. So far neither observational systematics nor new physics has been successfully implemented to explain this tension away. This paper present a new solution to the Hubble constant problem. The solution is based on the Simsilun simulation (relativistic simulation of the large scale structure of the Universe) with the ray-tracing algorithm implemented. The initial conditions for the Simsilun simulation were set up as perturbations around the $Λ$CDM model. However, un…
We propose to interpret the dark universe (dark matter and dark energy) of the current cosmological standard model as emerging together with ordinary matter, from the quantum vacuum, which de Broglie called the "universal substratum". It will be shown that this interpretation may lead to a reasonable agreement between the current understanding of the quantum vacuum in quantum field theory and current evidences for the existence of dark energy and dark matter, and that dark matter can be interpreted as emerging from the QCD vacuum, as a Bose-Einstein gluon condensate, with an energy density rel…
Cosmological backreaction suggests a link between structure formation and the expansion history of the Universe. In order to quantitatively examine this connection, we dynamically investigate a volume partition of the Universe into over-- and underdense regions. This allows us to trace structure formation using the volume fraction of the overdense regions $λ_{\CM}$ as its characterizing parameter. Employing results from cosmological perturbation theory and extrapolating the leading mode into the nonlinear regime, we construct a three--parameter model for the effective cosmic expansion history,…
