A ferromagnetic haloscope is a rf spin-magnetometer used for searching Dark Matter in the form of axions. A magnetic material is monitored searching for anomalous magnetization oscillations which can be induced by dark matter axions. To properly devise such instrument one first needs to understand the features of the searched-for signal, namely the effective rf field of dark matter axions $B_a$ acting on electronic spins. Once the properties of $B_a$ are defined, the design and test of the apparatus may start. The optimal sample is a narrow linewidth and high spin-density material such as Yttrium Iron Garnet (YIG), coupled to a microwave cavity with almost matched linewidth to collect the signal. The power in the resonator is collected with an antenna and amplified with a Josephson Parametric amplifier, a quantum-limited device which, however, adds most of the setup noise. The signal is further amplified with low noise HEMT and down-converted for storage with an heterodyne receiver. This work describes how to build such apparatus, with all the experimental details, the main issues one might face, and some solutions.
In this note we report on the development plans and first results of the Grenoble Axion Haloscope (GrAHal) project. It is aimed at developing a haloscope platform dedicated to the search for axion dark matter particles. We discuss its general framework and the plans to reach the sensitivity required to probe well known invisible axion models, over particularly relevant axion masses and coupling regions. We also present our first haloscope prototype and the result of its test run at liquid He temperature, setting a new exclusion limit $g_{a γγ} \leq 2.2 \times 10^{-13}~ \text{GeV}^{-1}$ ($g_{a …
We consider the design of a haloscope experiment (ORGAN) to probe for axions at 26.6 GHz. The motivation for this search is to perform the first direct test of a result which claims a possible axion signal at this frequency. There are many technical issues and optimisations that must be considered in the design of a high mass axion haloscope. We discuss the current status of the ORGAN experiment, as well as its future. We also discuss low mass axion haloscopes employing lumped 3D LC resonators.
We propose a new strategy to search for dark matter axions using tunable cryogenic plasmas. Unlike current experiments, which repair the mismatch between axion and photon masses by breaking translational invariance (cavity and dielectric haloscopes), a plasma haloscope enables resonant conversion by matching the axion mass to a plasma frequency. A key advantage is that the plasma frequency is unrelated to the physical size of the device, allowing large conversion volumes. We identify wire metamaterials as a promising candidate plasma, wherein the plasma frequency can be tuned by varying the in…
We explore finite size 3D effects in open axion haloscopes such as a dish antenna, a dielectric disk and a minimal dielectric haloscope consisting of a mirror and one dielectric disk. Particularly dielectric haloscopes are a promising new method for detecting dark matter axions in the mass range above $40\,μ{\rm eV}$. By using two specialized independent approaches - based on finite element methods and Fourier optics - we compute the electromagnetic fields in these settings expected in the presence of an axion dark matter field. This allows us to study diffraction and near field effects for re…
We study the effect of the axion dark matter velocity in the recently proposed dielectric haloscopes, a promising avenue to search for well-motivated high mass ($40-400~μ$eV) axions. We describe non-zero velocity effects for axion-photon mixing in a magnetic field and for the phenomenon of photon emission from interfaces between different dielectric media. As velocity effects are only important when the haloscope is larger than about 20% of the axion de Broglie wavelength, for the planned MADMAX experiment with 80 dielectric disks the velocity dependence can safely be neglected. However, an au…
One of the most significant and practical figures of merit in axion haloscope searches is the scanning rate, because of the unknown axion mass. Under the best experimental parameters, the only way to improve the figure of merit is to increase the experimentally designed signal to noise ratio in the axion haloscope search analysis procedure. In this paper, we report an improved axion haloscope search analysis using the data taken by the CAPP-8TB haloscope. By correcting for the background biased by the background parametrizations in the presence of axion signals, we realized a signal to noise r…
We review a recent letter published in Phys. Rev. Lett. $\textbf{116}$, 161804 (2016) of which the main argument is that the mode dependent magnetic form factors at axion haloscopes depend on the position of the cavity inside the solenoid while the corresponding electric form factors do not. We, however, find no such dependence, which is also equivalent to the statement that the electric and corresponding magnetic energy stored in the cavity modes are the same regardless of the position of the cavity inside the solenoid. Furthermore, we extend the statement to the cases satisfying $\vec{\nabla…
The cavity haloscope has been employed to detect microwave photons resonantly converted from invisible cosmic axions under a strong magnetic field. In this scheme, the axion-photon conversion power has been formulated to be valid for certain conditions, either $Q_{cavity}\ll Q_{\rm axion}$ or $Q_{cavity} \gg Q_{axion}$. This remedy, however, fails when these two quantities are comparable to each other. Furthermore, the noise power flow has been treated independently of the impedance mismatch of the system, which could give rise to misleading estimates of the experimental sensitivity. We revisi…
The Center for Axion and Precision Physics Research (CAPP) was founded in 2013, with the ambition of shedding light on the strong CP problem and the proposed existence of axions. Much of CAPP's effort focuses on the direct detection of dark matter candidate axions with a series of local haloscope experiments, which endeavour to expand dramatically the coverage on the "invisible axion" mass range. The first two of them plan experimental runs during this year, tapping into ultra-low cryogenics and toroidal cavity geometries. The overall programme builds on cutting-edge technology, including deve…
We study the underlying theory of dielectric haloscopes, a new way to detect dark matter axions. When an interface between different dielectric media is inside a magnetic field, the oscillating axion field acts as a source of electromagnetic waves, which emerge in both directions perpendicular to the surface. The emission rate can be boosted by multiple layers judiciously placed to achieve constructive interference and by a large transverse area. Starting from the axion-modified Maxwell equations, we calculate the efficiency of this new dielectric haloscope approach. This technique could poten…
We generalize the recently proposed $\mathcal{P T}$-symmetric axion haloscope to a larger array with more $\mathcal{P T}$-symmetric structures. By broadening the response bandwidth of the signal without increasing the readout noise, the optimized scan rate of the axion haloscope is significantly enhanced, as well as is the signal power. Furthermore, we show that the robustness of the detector towards the variations of the array coupling is the strongest when a binary tree structure is introduced which contains a largely enhanced $\mathcal{P T}$ symmetry. The multiple allowed probing sensors ca…
RADES (Relic Axion Detector Exploratory Setup) is a project with the goal of directly searching for axion dark matter above the $30 μ$eV scale employing custom-made microwave filters in magnetic dipole fields. Currently RADES is taking data at the LHC dipole of the CAST experiment. In the long term, the RADES cavities are envisioned to take data in the (baby)-IAXO magnet. In this article we report on the modelling, building and characterisation of an optimised microwave-filter design with alternating irises that exploits maximal coupling to axions while being scalable in length without sufferi…
The present state of the art axion haloscope employs a cylindrical resonant cavity in a solenoidal field. We, the Center for Axion and Precision Physics Research (CAPP) of the Institute for Basic Science (IBS) in Korea, are also pursuing halo axion discovery using this cylindrical geometry. However, the presence of end caps of cavities increases challenges as we explore higher frequency regions for the axion at above 2 GHz. To overcome these challenges we exploit a toroidal design of cavity and magnetic field. A toroidal geometry offers several advantages, two of which are a larger volume for …
We present the first results of a search for invisible axion dark matter using a multiple-cell cavity haloscope. This cavity concept was proposed to provide a highly efficient approach to high mass regions compared to the conventional multiple-cavity design, with larger detection volume, simpler detector setup, and unique phase-matching mechanism. Searches with a double-cell cavity superseded previous reports for the axion-photon coupling over the mass range between 13.0 and 13.9$\,μ$eV. This result not only demonstrates the novelty of the cavity concept for high-mass axion searches, but also …
The dark (or hidden) photon is a massive U(1) gauge boson theorized as a dark force mediator and as a dark matter candidate. Dark photons can be detected with axion cavity haloscopes by probing for a power excess caused by the dark photon's kinetic mixing with Standard Model photons. Haloscope axion exclusion limits may therefore be converted into competitive dark photon parameter limits via the calculation of a corresponding dark photon to photon coupling factor. This calculation allows for an improvement in sensitivity of around four orders of magnitude relative to other dark photon exclusio…
The cavity haloscope provides a highly sensitive method to search for dark matter axions in the microwave regime. Experimental attempts to enhance the sensitivity have focused on improving major aspects, such as producing strong magnetic fields, increasing cavity quality factors, and achieving lowest possible noise temperatures. Minor details, however, also need to be carefully considered in realistic experimental designs. They are associated with non-uniform magnetic fields over the detection volume, noise propagation under attenuation and temperature gradients, and thermal disequilibrium in …
We propose a new strategy to search for dark matter axions in the mass range of 40--400 $μ$eV by introducing dielectric haloscopes, which consist of dielectric disks placed in a magnetic field. The changing dielectric media cause discontinuities in the axion-induced electric field, leading to the generation of propagating electromagnetic waves to satisfy the continuity requirements at the interfaces. Large-area disks with adjustable distances boost the microwave signal (10--100 GHz) to an observable level and allow one to scan over a broad axion mass range. A sensitivity to QCD axion models is…
Cavity, lumped-circuit, and spin-based detection of axion dark matter: differences and similarities
Bilkent University（比尔肯特大学）；Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz（美因茨约翰内斯·古腾堡大学）；Helmholtz Institute Mainz（美因茨亥姆霍兹研究所）；GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH（德国重离子研究中心有限公司）；Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley（加州大学伯克利分校物理系）；School of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University（北京大学物理学院及核物理与核技术国家重点实验室）；Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Mississippi（密西西比大学物理与天文学系）；University of Washington（华盛顿大学）；Department of Physics, California State University - East Bay（加州州立大学东湾分校物理系）
In the search for axion dark matter, the cavity-based haloscope offers the most sensitive approach to the theoretically interesting models in the microwave region. However, experimental searches have been limited to relatively low masses up to a few tens of $μ$eV, benefiting from large detection volumes and high quality factors for a given experimental setup. We propose a new cavity design suitable for axion searches in higher mass regions with enhanced performance. The design features a periodic arrangement of dielectric material in a conventional conducting cavity where the resonant frequenc…
We discuss the physics case for and the concept of a medium-scale axion helioscope with sensitivities in the axion-photon coupling a few times better than CERN Axion Solar Telescope (CAST). Search for an axion-like particle with these couplings is motivated by several persistent astrophysical anomalies. We present early conceptual design, existing infrastructure, projected sensitivity and timeline of such a helioscope (Troitsk Axion Solar Telescope Experiment, TASTE) to be constructed in the Institute for Nuclear Research, Troitsk, Russia. The proposed instrument may be also used for the searc…
We report the first search results for axion dark matter using an 18\,T high-temperature superconducting magnet haloscope. The scan frequency ranges from 4.7789 to 4.8094\,GHz. No significant signal consistent with the Galactic halo dark matter axion is observed. The results set the best upper bound of axion-photon-photon coupling ($g_{aγγ}$) in the mass ranges of 19.764 to 19.771\,$μ$eV (19.863 to 19.890\,$μ$eV) at 1.5$\times|g_{aγγ}^{\text{KSVZ}}|$ (1.7$\times|g_{aγγ}^{\text{KSVZ}}|$), and 19.772 to 19.863\,$μ$eV at 2.7 $\times|g_{aγγ}^{\text{KSVZ}}|$ with 90\% confidence level, respectively…
A plasma haloscope has recently been proposed as a feasible approach to extend the search for dark matter axions above 10 GHz ($\sim$ 40 $μ$eV), whereby the microwave cavity in a conventional axion haloscope is supplanted by a wire array metamaterial. As the plasma frequency of a metamaterial is determined by its unit cell, and is thus a bulk property, a metamaterial resonator of any frequency can be made arbitrarily large, in contrast to a microwave cavity which incurs a steep penalty in volume with increasing frequency. We have investigated the basic properties of wire array metamaterials th…
The haloscope is one of the most sensitive approaches to the QCD axion physics within the region where the axion is considered to be a dark matter candidate. Current experimental sensitivities, which rely on the lowest fundamental TM010 mode of a cylindrical cavity, are limited to relatively low mass regions. Exploiting higher-order resonant modes would be beneficial because it will enable us to extend the search range with no volume loss and higher quality factors. This approach has been discarded mainly because of the significant degradation of form factor, and difficulty with frequency tuni…
A ferromagnetic axion haloscope searches for Dark Matter in the form of axions by exploiting their interaction with electronic spins. It is composed of an axion-to-electromagnetic field transducer coupled to a sensitive rf detector. The former is a photon-magnon hybrid system, and the latter is based on a quantum-limited Josephson parametric amplifier. The hybrid system consists of ten 2.1 mm diameter YIG spheres coupled to a single microwave cavity mode by means of a static magnetic field. Our setup is the most sensitive rf spin-magnetometer ever realized. The minimum detectable field is $5.5…
We comment on a recently published paper, Phys. Rev. Applied 9, 014028 (2018), which presents frequency-tuning mechanisms for dielectric resonators and demonstrates their potential application to axion haloscopes. One of the schemes introduces a cylindrical dielectric hollow and splits it in the axial direction to tune the frequency. The authors claim that this scheme offers a 1 to 2-order-of-magnitude improvement in axion search sensitivity in exploiting a higher-order resonant mode. We find that their study is based on unrealistic cavity modeling and inappropriate choice of the figure of mer…
Gravitational waves (GWs) generate oscillating electromagnetic effects in the vicinity of external electric and magnetic fields. We discuss this phenomenon with a particular focus on reinterpreting the results of axion haloscopes based on lumped-element detectors, which probe GWs in the 100 kHz-100 MHz range. Measurements from ABRACADABRA and SHAFT already place bounds on GWs, although the present strain sensitivity is weak. However, we demonstrate that the sensitivity scaling with the volume of such instruments is significant - faster than for axions - and so rapid progress will be made in th…
The mass of axion dark matter is only weakly bounded by cosmological observations, necessitating a variety of detection techniques over several orders of magnitude of mass ranges. Axions haloscopes based on resonant cavities have become the current standard to search for dark matter axions. Such structures are inherently narrowband and for low masses the volume of the required cavity becomes prohibitively large. Broadband low-mass detectors have already been proposed using inductive magnetometer sensors and a gapped toroidal solenoid magnet. In this work we propose an alternative, which uses e…
The Center for Axion and Precision Physics research at the Institute for Basic Science is searching for axion dark matter using ultra-low temperature microwave resonators. We report the exclusion of the axion mass range 10.7126$-$10.7186 $μ$eV with near Kim-Shifman-Vainshtein-Zakharov (KSVZ) coupling sensitivity and the range 10.16$-$11.37 $μ$eV with about 9 times larger coupling at 90$\%$ confidence level. This is the first axion search result in these ranges. It is also the first with a resonator physical temperature of less than 40 mK.
This Letter reports on the first results from the Taiwan Axion Search Experiment with Haloscope, a search for axions using a microwave cavity at frequencies between 4.70750 and 4.79815 GHz. Apart from the non-axion signals, no candidates with a significance more than 3.355 were found. The experiment excludes models with the axion-two-photon coupling $\left|g_{aγγ}\right|\gtrsim 8.2\times 10^{-14}$ GeV$^{-1}$, a factor of eleven above the benchmark KSVZ model, reaching a sensitivity three orders of magnitude better than any existing limits in the mass range 19.4687 < $m_a$ < 19.8436 $μ$eV. It i…
The axion is a hypothetical particle considered to be the most economical solution to the strong CP problem. It can also be formulated as a compelling component of dark matter. The haloscope, a leading axion detection scheme, relies on the conversion of galactic halo axions into real photons inside a resonant cavity structure in the presence of a static magnetic field, where the generated photon frequency corresponds to the mass of the axion. For maximum sensitivity it is key that the central frequency of the cavity mode structure coincides with the frequency of the generated photon. As the ma…
Dark photon dark matter constraints at the Taiwan axion search experiment with haloscope
National Central University（中央大学）；Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica（中央研究院物理研究所）；National Taiwan University（台湾大学）；National Center for Theoretical Sciences（国家理论科学中心）；University of Science（科技大学）；Beijing University of Technology（北京工业大学）；Sichuan University（四川大学）；Henan Normal University（河南师范大学）；Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院）；University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）；Xi’an Technological University（西安理工大学）；Liaoning Normal University（辽宁师范大学）
Universidad de Zaragoza（萨拉戈萨大学）；Max-Planck-Institut für Physik (Werner-Heisenberg-Institut)（马克斯·普朗克物理研究所（维尔纳·海森堡研究所））；CERN - European Organization for Nuclear Research（欧洲核子研究组织）
We report details on the axion dark matter search experiment that uses the innovative technologies of a High-Temperature Superconducting (HTS) magnet and a Josephson Parametric Converter (JPC). An 18 T HTS solenoid magnet is developed for this experiment. The JPC is used as the first stage amplifier to achieve a near quantum-limited low-noise condition. The first dark matter axion search was performed with the 18 T axion haloscope. The scan frequency range is from 4.7789 GHz to 4.8094 GHz (30.5 MHz range). No significant signal consistent with Galactic dark matter axion is observed. Our result…
We summarise the recent progress of the Axion Longitudinal Plasma HAloscope (ALPHA) Consortium, a new experimental collaboration to build a plasma haloscope to search for axions and dark photons. The plasma haloscope is a novel method for the detection of the resonant conversion of light dark matter to photons. ALPHA will be sensitive to QCD axions over almost a decade of parameter space, potentially discovering dark matter and resolving the Strong CP problem. Unlike traditional cavity haloscopes, which are generally limited in volume by the Compton wavelength of the dark matter, plasma halosc…
This paper presents the analysis of the data acquired during the first physics run of the Taiwan Axion Search Experiment with Haloscope (TASEH), a search for axions using a microwave cavity at frequencies between 4.70750 and 4.79815 GHz. The data were collected from October 13, 2021 to November 15, 2021, and are referred to as the CD102 data. The analysis of the TASEH CD102 data excludes models with the axion-two-photon coupling $|g_{aγγ}| \gtrsim 8.2\times 10^{-14}$ GeV$^{-1}$, a factor of eleven above the benchmark KSVZ model for the mass range 19.4687 < ma < 19.8436 $μ$eV.
Sensitivity of a closed dielectric haloscope to axion dark matter
Max-Planck-Institut für Physik（马克斯·普朗克物理研究所）；Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY（德国电子同步辐射中心）；RWTH Aachen University（亚琛工业大学）；Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM（艾克斯-马赛大学，法国国家科学研究中心/欧洲核子研究组织粒子物理实验室）；Universität Hamburg（汉堡大学）；Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie（马克斯·普朗克射电天文研究所）；Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab（巴黎萨克雷大学，法国国家科学研究中心/欧洲核子研究组织伊夫林-约瑟夫·沙尔实验室）；Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen（蒂宾根大学）；Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory（费米国家加速器实验室）
We present first results and future plans for the Oscillating Resonant Group AxioN (ORGAN) experiment, a microwave cavity axion haloscope situated in Perth, Western Australia designed to probe for high mass axions motivated by several theoretical models. The first stage focuses around 26.6 GHz in order to directly test a claimed result, which suggests axions exist at the corresponding mass of $110~μ$eV. Later stages will move to a wider scan range of 15-50 GHz ($60-210~μ$eV). We present the results of the pathfinding run, which sets a limit on $g_{aγγ}$ of $2.02\times 10^{-12} $eV$^{-1}$ at 26…
A new class of axion haloscope resonators: the polygonal coaxial cavity
INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro（意大利国家核物理研究所，莱尼亚罗国家实验室）；Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Padova（帕多瓦大学物理与天文学系）；INFN, Sezione di Padova（意大利国家核物理研究所，帕多瓦分部）
A real-time Data Acquisition (DAQ) system for the CULTASK axion haloscope experiment was constructed and tested. The CULTASK is an experiment to search for cosmic axions using resonant cavities, to detect photons from axion conversion through the inverse Primakoff effect in a few GHz frequency range in a very high magnetic field and at an ultra low temperature. The constructed DAQ system utilizes a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) for data processing and Fast Fourier Transformation. This design along with a custom Ethernet packet designed for real-time data transfer enables 100% DAQ effici…
We introduce the Broadband Reflector Experiment for Axion Detection (BREAD) conceptual design and science program. This haloscope plans to search for bosonic dark matter across the [10$^{-3}$, 1] eV ([0.24, 240] THz) mass range. BREAD proposes a cylindrical metal barrel to convert dark matter into photons, which a novel parabolic reflector design focuses onto a photosensor. This unique geometry enables enclosure in standard cryostats and high-field solenoids, overcoming limitations of current dish antennas. A pilot 0.7 m$^{2}$ barrel experiment planned at Fermilab is projected to surpass exist…
