隐性知识的文化传播
The Cultural Transmission of Tacit Knowledge
摘要：
各种各样的文化习俗采取“隐性”知识的形式，其中的规则和原则既不为观察者所知，也不为实践者所知。这就给文化进化提出了一个问题：如果初学者不能简单地模仿专家，专家不能简单地说或演示他们在做什么，隐性知识如何代代相传？我们提出了一个领域的一般模型的“默会教学”，这表明如何高保真传输的默会知识是可能的。它适用于实践的基本特征受到相互作用和相互竞争的限制的情况，正如在具体实践和社会实践中所预期的那样。我们的模型对教学过程的关键特征进行了预测。它预测了教学结果的一个典型分布：一些学生将是近乎完美的表现，而其他接受同样指导的学生将是灾难性的糟糕。这与大多数主流文化进化模型不同，这些模型以高保真传输为中心，复制错误最少，导致学生分布范围更窄，学生大多同样平庸。该模型还预测了隐性知识的文化演变的一般特征。隐性知识的演变预计将是突发性的，长期的稳定期穿插着短暂的急剧变化，隐性知识一旦丢失，基本上就不可能恢复。
英文摘要：
A wide variety of cultural practices take the form of "tacit" knowledge, where the rules and principles are neither obvious to an observer nor known explicitly by the practitioners. This poses a problem for cultural evolution: if beginners cannot simply imitate experts, and experts cannot simply say or demonstrate what they are doing, how can tacit knowledge pass from generation to generation? We present a domain-general model of "tacit teaching", that shows how high-fidelity transmission of tacit knowledge is possible. It applies in cases where the underlying features of the practice are subject to interacting and competing constraints, as is expected both in embodied and in social practices. Our model makes predictions for key features of the teaching process. It predicts a tell-tale distribution of teaching outcomes: some students will be nearly perfect performers while others receiving the same instruction will be disastrously bad. This differs from most mainstream cultural evolution models centered on high-fidelity transmission with minimal copying errors, which lead to a much narrower distribution where students are mostly equally mediocre. The model also predicts generic features of the cultural evolution of tacit knowledge. The evolution of tacit knowledge is expected to be bursty, with long periods of stability interspersed with brief periods of dramatic change, and where tacit knowledge, once lost, becomes essentially impossible to recover.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
