The DART spacecraft will impact Didymos's secondary, Dimorphos, at the end of 2022 and cause a change in the orbital period of the secondary. For simplicity, most previous numerical simulations of the impact used a spherical projectile geometry to model the DART spacecraft. To investigate the effects of alternative, simple projectile geometries on the DART impact outcome we used the iSALE shock physics code in two and thee-dimensions to model vertical impacts of projectiles with a mass and speed equivalent to the nominal DART impact, into porous basalt targets. We found that the simple projectile geometries investigated here have minimal effects on the crater morphology and momentum enhancement. Projectile geometries modelled in two-dimensions that have similar surface areas at the point of impact, affect the crater radius and the crater volume by less than 5%. In the case of a more extreme projectile geometry (i.e., a rod, modelled in three-dimensions), the crater was elliptical and 50% shallower compared to the crater produced by a spherical projectile of the same momentum. The momentum enhancement factor in these test cases, commonly referred to as beta, was within 7% for the 2D simulations and within 10% for the 3D simulations, of the value obtained for a uniform spherical projectile. The most prominent effects of projectile geometry are seen in the ejection velocity as a function of launch position and ejection angle of the fast ejecta that resides in the so-called `coupling zone'. These results will inform the LICIACube ejecta cone analysis.
The Physics of Protoplanetesimal Dust Agglomerates. X. Mechanical properties of dust aggregates probed by a solid-projectile impact
尘埃聚集体力学性质的动力学表征一直是定量讨论原行星盘中尘埃生长的重要问题之一。实验研究了固体弹丸低速($\lesssim 3.2$ m s $^{-1}$)撞击下粉尘聚集体的动力学特性。在真空条件下,将由玻璃、钢或铅制成的球形冲击器落在填充部分$ϕ=0.35$的粉尘聚集体上。撞击导致尘埃聚集体的成坑或碎裂,这取决于撞击能量。陨石坑的形状可以近似为球形,没有观察到喷出物。为了了解撞击尘埃聚集体的基本物理学,固体抛射体的运动由高速相机获得。利用获得的撞击器位置数据,分析了撞击产生的阻力规律和动压。我们发现,有两个特征优势。一个是由撞击能量和凹坑体积之间的比率定义的,并且是$\simeq 120$ kPa。另一个强度指示动态压力的碎裂阈值,并且是$\simeq 10$ kPa。前者表征了明显的塑性形变,并且与负责撞击器减速的拖曳力一致。后者对应于产生裂纹的动态拉伸强度。利用这些结果,提出了一个简单的模型的压实和破碎的粉尘聚集体的阈值。此外,还比较了粉尘团聚体和松散颗粒物质的拖曳力规律,揭示了两种物质的异同。
A change of the rotation period of asteroid (65803) Didymos caused by the DART impact
Charles University(查理大学);Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic(捷克科学院);Georgia Institute of Technology(佐治亚理工学院);University of Maryland, College Park(马里兰大学帕克分校);Université Côte d’Azur(蔚蓝海岸大学)
The Excited Spin State of Dimorphos Resulting from the DART Impact
美国宇航局的双小行星重定向测试(DART)任务是一个行星防御驱动的测试动力撞击器的Dimorphos,双小行星65803 Didymos的卫星。DART将以相对速度${\sim}6.5 \text{ km s}^{-1}$拦截Dimorphos,扰乱Dimorphos的轨道速度并改变双星轨道周期。我们提出了三个独立的方法(一个分析和两个数值)调查后的影响Dimorphos的姿态稳定性作为其轴比的函数,$a/b$和$b/c$($a \ge b \ge c$),和动量传递效率$β$。第一种方法使用了一种新的分析方法,其中我们假设一个圆形的轨道和一个点质量的主要,确定四个基频的运动对应的次级的平均运动,天平动,进动和章动频率。在这四个频率之间的共振位置,我们发现,姿态不稳定性是可能的。使用两个独立的数值代码,我们恢复了许多的共振预测的分析模型,并确实表现出姿态不稳定。用一个代码,我们使用快速李雅普诺夫指标,以显示,次级的态度可以演变混乱附近的共振位置。然后,使用高保真度的数值模型,我们发现Dimorphos在共振位置附近进入混沌翻滚状态,并且特别容易绕其长轴不稳定旋转,这可以通过ESA的Hera任务在2026年底到达Didymos来证实。我们还表明,一个完全耦合的治疗的自旋和轨道演化的两个机构是至关重要的,以准确地模拟长期演变的次级的自旋状态和天平动振幅。最后,我们讨论了影响后翻滚或滚动…