The 'infinite' passive degrees of freedom of soft robotic arms render their control especially challenging. In this paper, we leverage a previously developed model, which drawing equivalence of the soft arm to a series of universal joints, to design two closed-loop controllers: a configuration space controller for trajectory tracking and a task space controller for position control of the end effector. Extensive experiments and simulations on a four-segment soft arm attest to substantial improvement in terms of: a) superior tracking accuracy of the configuration space controller and b) reduced settling time and steady-state error of the task space controller. The task space controller is also verified to be effective in the presence of interactions between the soft arm and the environment.
The compliance of soft robotic arms renders the development of accurate kinematic & dynamical models especially challenging. The most widely used model in soft robotic kinematics assumes Piecewise Constant Curvature (PCC). However, PCC fails to effectively handle external forces, or even the influence of gravity, since the robot does not deform with a constant curvature under these conditions. In this paper, we establish three-dimensional (3D) modeling of a multi-segment soft robotic arm under the less restrictive assumption that each segment of the arm is deformed on a plane without twisting.…
The purpose of this research is to design, fabricate and test a tendon driven a continuum soft robot with three modular segments, each of which has a tunable stiffness enabled by layer jamming technology. Compared with previous studies, the robotic arm design of this project has a modular structure, which means the length of the robotic arm can be adjusted by addition of extra arm modules/segments to the existing robotic prototype. Furthermore, the new arm prototype supports motion within a 3-dimensional space. To achieve the goals, the design and fabrication for the variable stiffness robotic…
Controlling soft continuum robotic arms is challenging due to their hyper-redundancy and dexterity. In this paper we demonstrate, for the first time, closed-loop control of the configuration space variables of a soft robotic arm, composed of independently controllable segments, using a Cosserat rod model of the robot and the distributed sensing and actuation capabilities of the segments. Our controller solves the inverse dynamic problem by simulating the Cosserat rod model in MATLAB using a computationally efficient numerical solution scheme, and it applies the computed control output to the a…
Soft robotic systems present a variety of new opportunities for solving complex problems. The use of soft robotic grippers, for example, can simplify the complexity in tasks such as the of grasping irregular and delicate objects. Adoption of soft robotics by academia and industry, however, has been slow and this is, in-part, due to the amount of hardware and software that must be developed from scratch for each use of soft system components. In this paper we detail the design, fabrication and validation of an open-source framework that we designed to lower the barrier to entry for integrating …
A Novel Modular Cable-Driven Soft Robotic Arm with Multi-Segment Reconfigurability
Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Mississippi State University（农业与生物工程系，密苏里州立大学）；Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University（电气与计算机工程系，密苏里州立大学）；Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center in Dallas, Texas A&M University（德克萨斯A&M大学达拉斯分校农业与生命科学研究中心）
University of Arkansas（阿肯色大学）；DePaul University（德保罗大学）；Georgia Institute of Technology（佐治亚理工学院）；Emory University（埃默里大学）
In this article, the control problem of one section pneumatically actuated soft robotic arm is investigated in detail. To date, extensive prior work has been done in soft robotics kinematics and dynamics modeling. Proper controller designs can complement the modeling part since they are able to compensate other effects that have not been considered in the modeling, such as the model uncertainties, system parameter identification error, hysteresis, etc. In this paper, we explored different control approaches (kinematic control, PD+feedback linearization, passivity control, adaptive passivity co…
Georgia Tech Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Machines（佐治亚理工学院机器人与智能机器研究所）；Texas A&M University（德州农工大学）
In this paper, a reinforced soft robot prototype with a custom-designed actuator-space string encoder are created to investigate dynamic soft robotic trajectory tracking. The soft robot prototype embedded with the proposed adaptive passivity control and efficient dynamic model make the challenging trajectory tracking tasks possible. We focus on the exploration of tracking accuracy as well as the full potential of the proposed control strategy by performing experimental validations at different operation scenarios: various tracking speed and external disturbance. In all experimental scenarios, …
This study examines a biology-inspired approach of using reconfigurable articulation to reduce the control requirement for soft robotic arms. We construct a robotic arm by assembling Kresling origami modules that exhibit predictable bistability. Via switching between their two stable states, these origami modules can behave either like a flexible joint with low bending stiffness or like a stiff link with high stiffness, without requiring any continuous power supply. In this way, the robotic arm can exhibit pseudo-linkage kinematics with lower control requirements and improved motion accuracy. …
Sunrise Setting Ltd（日出设定有限公司）；SAGE Publications Ltd（SAGE出版有限公司）；University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学）
This paper presents the design, control, and applications of a multi-segment soft robotic arm. In order to design a soft arm with large load capacity, several design principles are proposed by analyzing two kinds of buckling issues, under which we present a novel structure named Honeycomb Pneumatic Networks (HPN). Parameter optimization method, based on finite element method (FEM), is proposed to optimize HPN Arm design parameters. Through a quick fabrication process, several prototypes with different performance are made, one of which can achieve the transverse load capacity of 3 kg under 3 b…
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich (ETH Zürich)（苏黎世联邦理工学院）
Flying manipulators are aerial drones with attached rigid-bodied robotic arms and belong to the latest and most actively developed research areas in robotics. The rigid nature of these arms often lack compliance, flexibility, and smoothness in movement. This work proposes to use a soft-bodied robotic arm attached to an omnidirectional micro aerial vehicle (OMAV) to leverage the compliant and flexible behavior of the arm, while remaining maneuverable and dynamic thanks to the omnidirectional drone as the floating base. The unification of the arm with the drone poses challenges in the modeling a…
Compared with traditional rigid-body robots, soft robots not only exhibit unprecedented adaptation and flexibility but also present novel challenges in their modeling and control because of their infinite degrees of freedom. Most of the existing approaches have mainly relied on approximated models so that the well-developed finite-dimensional control theory can be exploited. However, this may bring in modeling uncertainty and performance degradation. Hence, we propose to exploit infinite-dimensional analysis for soft robotic systems. Our control design is based on the increasingly adopted Coss…
University of California, Santa Barbara（加州大学圣巴巴拉分校）
Soft robots promise improved safety and capability over rigid robots when deployed in complex, delicate, and dynamic environments. However, the infinite degrees of freedom and highly nonlinear dynamics of these systems severely complicate their modeling and control. As a step toward addressing this open challenge, we apply the data-driven, Hankel Dynamic Mode Decomposition (HDMD) with time delay observables to the model identification of a highly inertial, helical soft robotic arm with a high number of underactuated degrees of freedom. The resulting model is linear and hence amenable to contro…
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign（伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校）；Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology（贝克曼高等科学技术研究所）；University of Michigan（密歇根大学）
Many soft-body organisms found in nature flourish underwater. Similarly, soft robots are potentially well-suited for underwater environments partly because the problematic effects of gravity, friction, and harmonic oscillations are less severe underwater. However, it remains a challenge to design, fabricate, waterproof, model, and control underwater soft robotic systems. Furthermore, submersible robots usually do not have configurable components because of the need for sealed electronics and mechanical elements. This work presents the development of a modular and submersible soft robotic arm d…
Institute for Dynamic Systems and Control, ETH Zurich（苏黎世联邦理工学院动态系统与控制研究所）
This paper presents the application of a learning control approach for the realization of a fast and reliable pick-and-place application with a spherical soft robotic arm. The arm is characterized by a lightweight design and exhibits compliant behavior due to the soft materials deployed. A soft, continuum joint is employed, which allows for simultaneous control of one translational and two rotational degrees of freedom in a single joint. This allows us to axially approach and pick an object with the attached suction cup during the pick-and-place application. A control allocation based on press…
Direct Data-Driven Predictive Control for a Three-dimensional Cable-Driven Soft Robotic Arm
Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Mississippi State University（农业与生物工程系，密苏里州立大学）；Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University（机械工程系，密苏里州立大学）；Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University（电气与计算机工程系，密苏里州立大学）
A large number of robotic and human-assisted missions to the Moon and Mars are forecast. NASA's efforts to learn about the geology and makeup of these celestial bodies rely heavily on the use of robotic arms. The safety and redundancy aspects will be crucial when humans will be working alongside the robotic explorers. Additionally, robotic arms are crucial to satellite servicing and planned orbit debris mitigation missions. The goal of this work is to create a custom Computer Vision (CV) based Artificial Neural Network (ANN) that would be able to rapidly identify the posture of a 7 Degree of F…
Inverse Kinematics (IK) solves the problem of mapping from the Cartesian space to the joint configuration space of a robotic arm. It has a wide range of applications in areas such as computer graphics, protein structure prediction, and robotics. With the vast advances of artificial neural networks (NNs), many researchers recently turned to data-driven approaches to solving the IK problem. Unfortunately, NNs become inadequate for robotic arms with redundant Degrees-of-Freedom (DoFs). This is because such arms may have multiple angle solutions to reach the same desired pose, while typical NNs on…
We present an interactive, computational design system for creating custom robotic arms given high-level task descriptions and environmental constraints. Various task requirements can be encoded as desired motion trajectories for the robot arm's end-effector. Given such end-effector trajectories, our system enables on-demand design of custom robot arms using a library of modular and reconfigurable parts such as actuators and connecting links. By searching through the combinatorial set of possible arrangements of these parts, our method generates a functional, as-simple-as-possible robot arm th…
D3-ARM: High-Dynamic, Dexterous and Fully Decoupled Cable-driven Robotic Arm
Center for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University（清华大学深圳国际研究生院人工智能与机器人中心）；School of Advanced Manufacturing, Sun Yat-sen University（中山大学先进制造学院）
Western Macedonia Univ. of Applied Sciences（西马其顿应用科学大学）
The purpose of this paper is to present the construction and programming of a five degrees of freedom robotic arm which interacts with an infrared sensor for the identification and sorting of different sized objects. The main axis of the construction design will be up to the three main branches of science that make up the Mechatronics: Mechanical Engineering, Electronic-Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering. The methods that have been used for the construction are presented as well as the methods for the programming of the arm in cooperation with the sensor. The aim is to present the…
Design And Control of A Robotic Arm For Industrial Applications
CMR Technical Campus（CMR技术学院）；JNTUH University College of Engineering, Science & Technology Hyderabad（贾瓦哈拉尔·尼赫鲁科技大学海得拉巴工程科学与技术学院）；Holy Mary Institute of Technology（圣玛丽技术学院）
We propose an approach based on probabilistic models, in particular POMDPs, to plan optimized search processes of known objects by intelligent eye in hand robotic arms. Searching and reaching for a known object (a pen, a book, or a hammer) in one's office is an operation that humans perform frequently in their daily activities. There is no reason why intelligent robotic arms would not encounter this problem frequently in the various applications in which they are expected to serve. The problem suffers from uncertainties coming both from the lack of information about the position of the object,…
Recent advances in telecommunications have enabled surgeons to operate remotely on patients with the use of robotics. The investigation and testing of remote surgery using a robotic arm is presented. The robotic arm is designed to have four degrees of freedom that track the surgeon's x, y, z positions and the rotation angle of the forearm θ. The system comprises two main subsystems viz. the detecting and actuating systems. The detection system uses infrared light-emitting diodes, a retroreflective bracelet and two infrared cameras which as a whole determine the coordinates of the surgeon's for…
This paper presents a robust control scheme for flexible link robotic manipulators, which is based on considering the flexible mechanical structure as a system with slow (rigid) and fast (flexible) modes that can be controlled separately. The rigid dynamics is controlled by means of a robust sliding-mode approach with wellestablished stability properties while an LQR optimal design is adopted for the flexible dynamics. Experimental results show that this composite approach achieves good closed loop tracking properties both for the rigid and the flexible dynamics.
North Carolina State University（北卡罗来纳州立大学）；Indian Institute of Technology Patna（印度理工学院巴特那分校）；Zhejiang University（浙江大学）
Over the past few years, the use of camera-equipped robotic platforms for data collection and visually monitoring applications has exponentially grown. Cluttered construction sites with many objects (e.g., bricks, pipes, etc.) on the ground are challenging environments for a mobile unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) to navigate. To address this issue, this study presents a mobile UGV equipped with a stereo camera and a robotic arm that can remove obstacles along the UGV's path. To achieve this objective, the surrounding environment is captured by the stereo camera and obstacles are detected. The ob…
King’s College London（伦敦国王学院）；Xtronics Ltd.（Xtronics有限公司）；Guy’s & St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust（盖伊和圣托马斯NHS基金会信托）；Evelina Children’s Hospital（伊芙琳娜儿童医院）；Queen Mary University of London（伦敦玛丽女王大学）
The development of robotic-assisted extracorporeal ultrasound systems has a long history and a number of projects have been proposed since the 1990s focusing on different technical aspects. These aim to resolve the deficiencies of on-site manual manipulation of hand-held ultrasound probes. This paper presents the recent ongoing developments of a series of bespoke robotic systems, including both single-arm and dual-arm versions, for a project known as intelligent Fetal Imaging and Diagnosis (iFIND). After a brief review of the development history of the extracorporeal ultrasound robotic system …
Design and Control of a Novel Six-Degree-of-Freedom Hybrid Robotic Arm
Intelligent Equipment Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences（北京农林科学院智能装备研究中心）；School of Mechanical Electrical Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University（上海大学机电工程与自动化学院）
Closed kinematic chains are created whenever multiple robot arms concurrently manipulate a single object. The closed-chain constraint, when coupled with robot joint limits, dramatically changes the connectivity of the configuration space. We propose a regrasping move, termed "IK-switch", which allows efficiently bridging components of the configuration space that are otherwise mutually disconnected. This move, combined with several other developments, such as a method to stabilize the manipulated object using the environment, a new tree structure, and a compliant control scheme, enables us to …
Tsinghua University（清华大学）；University of Alberta（阿尔伯塔大学）
One of the most efficient ways for a learning-based robotic arm to learn to process complex tasks as human, is to directly learn from observing how human complete those tasks, and then imitate. Our idea is based on success of Deep Q-Learning (DQN) algorithm according to reinforcement learning, and then extend to Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) algorithm. We developed a learning-based method, combining modified DDPG and visual imitation network. Our approach acquires frames only from a monocular camera, and no need to either construct a 3D environment or generate actual points. The re…
This paper focuses on the development of a ground-based test-bed to analyze the complexities of contact dynamics between multibody systems in space. The test-bed consists of an air-bearing platform equipped with a 7 degrees-of-freedom (one degree per revolute joint) robotic arm which acts as the servicing satellite. The dynamics of the manipulator on the platform is modeled as an aid for the analysis and design of stabilizing control algorithms suited for autonomous on-orbit servicing missions. The dynamics are represented analytically using a recursive Newton-Euler multibody method with D-H p…
Tecnalia France（法国泰克纳利亚）；LAAS-CNRS（法国国家科学研究中心自动化系统与机器人实验室）；University of Toulouse（图卢兹大学）；LIRMM（蒙彼利埃大学与法国国家科学研究中心联合机器人与微电子机械系统实验室）；Université de Montpellier（蒙彼利埃大学）；CNRS（法国国家科学研究中心）
A continuous collision checking method for a cable-driven parallel robot with an embarked robotic arm is proposed in this paper. The method aims at validating paths by checking for collisions between any pair of robot bodies (mobile platform, cables, and arm links). For a pair of bodies, an upper bound on their relative velocity and a lower bound on the distance between the bodies are computed and used to validate a portion of the path. These computations are done repeatedly until a collision is found or the path is validated. The method is integrated within the Humanoid Path Planner (HPP) sof…
This paper presents an experimental adaptation of a non-collaborative robot arm to collaborate with the environment, as one step towards adapting legacy robotic machinery to fit in industry 4.0 requirements. A cloud-based internet of things (CIoT) service is employed to connect, supervise and control a robotic arm's motion using the added wireless sensing devices to the environment. A programmable automation controller (PAC) unit, connected to the robot arm receives the most recent changes and updates the motion of the robot arm. The experimental results show that the proposed non-expensive se…
University of Glasgow（格拉斯哥大学）；National Manufacturing Institute in Scotland（苏格兰国家制造研究所）
Simulation software is a powerful tool for robotics research, allowing the virtual representation of the real world. However with the rise of the Robot Operating System (ROS), there are new simulation software packages that have not been compared within the literature. This paper proposes a systematic review of simulation software that are compatible with ROS version 2. The focus is research in robotics arm manipulation as it represents the most often used robotic application in industry and their future applicability to digital twins. For this, we thus benchmark simulation software under simi…
We present an analytical solution for the inverse kinematics (IK) of a robotic arm with one prismatic joint and four revolute joints. This 5-DoF design is a result of minimizing weight while preserving functionality of the device in a wearable usage context. Generally, the IK problem for a 5-DoF robot does not guarantee solutions due to the system being over-constrained. We obtain an analytical solution by applying geometric projections and limiting the ranges of motion for each DoF. We validate this solution by reconstructing randomly sampled end-effector poses, and find position errors below…
With the advancement of robotics, automation in various industries and processes has become widespread. This project aims to introduce library automation system, which addresses the fulfillment of the objectives of automatic retrieval of queued books, arrangement of returned books on the racks as well as automated updating of the library database. The proposed system is based on the Arduino microcontroller and python programming Microcontroller based robotic arms are used to fetch books from or return books to the different shelves in the library. The library database is also updated after com…
University of Seville（塞维利亚大学）；Institute of Neuroinformatics University of Zurich and ETH Zurich（苏黎世大学与苏黎世联邦理工学院神经信息学研究所）
Biological nervous systems typically perform the control of numerous degrees of freedom for example in animal limbs. Neuromorphic engineers study these systems by emulating them in hardware for a deeper understanding and its possible application to solve complex problems in engineering and robotics. Central-Pattern-Generators (CPGs) are part of neuro-controllers, typically used at their last steps to produce rhythmic patterns for limbs movement. Different patterns and gaits typically compete through winner-take-all (WTA) circuits to produce the right movements. In this work we present a WTA ci…
School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering（机械与航空航天工程学院）
The human-machine interface is of critical importance for master-slave control of the robotic system for surgery, in which current systems offer the control or two robotic arms teleoperated by the surgeon's hands. To relax the need for surgical assistants and augment dexterity in surgery, it has been recently proposed to use a robot like a third arm that can be controlled seamlessly, independently from the natural arms, and work together with them. This report will develop and investigate this concept by implementing foot control of a robotic surgical arm. A novel passive haptic foot-machine i…
