Weakly supervised object localization (WSOL) is a challenging task to localize the object by only category labels. However, there is contradiction between classification and localization because accurate classification network tends to pay attention to discriminative region of objects rather than the entirety. We propose this discrimination is caused by handcraft threshold choosing in CAM-based methods. Therefore, we propose Clustering and Filter of Tokens (CaFT) with Vision Transformer (ViT) backbone to solve this problem in another way. CaFT first sends the patch tokens of the image split to ViT and cluster the output tokens to generate initial mask of the object. Secondly, CaFT considers the initial mask as pseudo labels to train a shallow convolution head (Attention Filter, AtF) following backbone to directly extract the mask from tokens. Then, CaFT splits the image into parts, outputs masks respectively and merges them into one refined mask. Finally, a new AtF is trained on the refined masks and used to predict the box of object. Experiments verify that CaFT outperforms previous work and achieves 97.55\% and 69.86\% localization accuracy with ground-truth class on CUB-200 and ImageNet-1K respectively. CaFT provides a fresh way to think about the WSOL task.
Dalian University of Technology（大连理工大学）；Pengcheng Lab（鹏城实验室）；Key Lab for Ubiquitous Network and Service Software of Liaoning Province（辽宁省泛在网络与服务软件重点实验室）
Weakly supervised salient object detection (WSOD) targets to train a CNNs-based saliency network using only low-cost annotations. Existing WSOD methods take various techniques to pursue single "high-quality" pseudo label from low-cost annotations and then develop their saliency networks. Though these methods have achieved good performance, the generated single label is inevitably affected by adopted refinement algorithms and shows prejudiced characteristics which further influence the saliency networks. In this work, we introduce a new multiple-pseudo-label framework to integrate more comprehe…
Supervised object detection and semantic segmentation require object or even pixel level annotations. When there exist image level labels only, it is challenging for weakly supervised algorithms to achieve accurate predictions. The accuracy achieved by top weakly supervised algorithms is still significantly lower than their fully supervised counterparts. In this paper, we propose a novel weakly supervised curriculum learning pipeline for multi-label object recognition, detection and semantic segmentation. In this pipeline, we first obtain intermediate object localization and pixel labeling res…
Antarctic penguins are important ecological indicators -- especially in the face of climate change. In this work, we present a deep learning based model for semantic segmentation of Adélie penguin colonies in high-resolution satellite imagery. To train our segmentation models, we take advantage of the Penguin Colony Dataset: a unique dataset with 2044 georeferenced cropped images from 193 Adélie penguin colonies in Antarctica. In the face of a scarcity of pixel-level annotation masks, we propose a weakly-supervised framework to effectively learn a segmentation model from weak labels. We use a …
University of British Columbia（不列颠哥伦比亚大学）；Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory（劳伦斯利弗莫尔国家实验室）；Alberta Machine Intelligence Institute（阿尔伯塔机器智能研究所）
Semi-weakly supervised semantic segmentation (SWSSS) aims to train a model to identify objects in images based on a small number of images with pixel-level labels, and many more images with only image-level labels. Most existing SWSSS algorithms extract pixel-level pseudo-labels from an image classifier - a very difficult task to do well, hence requiring complicated architectures and extensive hyperparameter tuning on fully-supervised validation sets. We propose a method called prediction filtering, which instead of extracting pseudo-labels, just uses the classifier as a classifier: it ignores…
Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学）；Wuhan University（武汉大学）；East China Normal University（华东师范大学）；Aerospace Information Research Institute（航天信息研究所）；Southeast University（东南大学）
Disney Research（迪士尼研究院）；University of Waterloo（滑铁卢大学）
Most recent semantic segmentation methods train deep convolutional neural networks with fully annotated masks requiring pixel-accuracy for good quality training. Common weakly-supervised approaches generate full masks from partial input (e.g. scribbles or seeds) using standard interactive segmentation methods as preprocessing. But, errors in such masks result in poorer training since standard loss functions (e.g. cross-entropy) do not distinguish seeds from potentially mislabeled other pixels. Inspired by the general ideas in semi-supervised learning, we address these problems via a new princi…
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）；Duke University（杜克大学）
Weakly supervised object localization remains challenging, where only image labels instead of bounding boxes are available during training. Object proposal is an effective component in localization, but often computationally expensive and incapable of joint optimization with some of the remaining modules. In this paper, to the best of our knowledge, we for the first time integrate weakly supervised object proposal into convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in an end-to-end learning manner. We design a network component, Soft Proposal (SP), to be plugged into any standard convolutional architect…
Tongji University（同济大学）；The University of Hong Kong（香港大学）；SenseTime（商汤科技）；Shanghai AI Lab（上海人工智能实验室）
Although convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have achieved remarkable progress in weakly supervised semantic segmentation (WSSS), the effective receptive field of CNN is insufficient to capture global context information, leading to sub-optimal results. Inspired by the great success of Transformers in fundamental vision areas, this work for the first time introduces Transformer to build a simple and effective WSSS framework, termed WegFormer. Unlike existing CNN-based methods, WegFormer uses Vision Transformer (ViT) as a classifier to produce high-quality pseudo segmentation masks. To this en…
In this work a novel approach for weakly supervised object detection that incorporates pointwise mutual information is presented. A fully convolutional neural network architecture is applied in which the network learns one filter per object class. The resulting feature map indicates the location of objects in an image, yielding an intuitive representation of a class activation map. While traditionally such networks are learned by a softmax or binary logistic regression (sigmoid cross-entropy loss), a learning approach based on a cosine loss is introduced. A pointwise mutual information layer i…
Region-Aware CAM: High-Resolution Weakly-Supervised Defect Segmentation via Salient Region Perception
School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology（仪器科学与工程学院，哈尔滨工业大学）；Harbin Institute of Technology Suzhou Research Institute（哈尔滨工业大学苏州研究所）
Nankai University（南开大学）；University of Oxford（牛津大学）
In this paper, we improve semantic segmentation by automatically learning from Flickr images associated with a particular keyword, without relying on any explicit user annotations, thus substantially alleviating the dependence on accurate annotations when compared to previous weakly supervised methods. To solve such a challenging problem, we leverage several low-level cues (such as saliency, edges, etc.) to help generate a proxy ground truth. Due to the diversity of web-crawled images, we anticipate a large amount of 'label noise' in which other objects might be present. We design an online no…
State-of-the-art approaches for semantic segmentation rely on deep convolutional neural networks trained on fully annotated datasets, that have been shown to be notoriously expensive to collect, both in terms of time and money. To remedy this situation, weakly supervised methods leverage other forms of supervision that require substantially less annotation effort, but they typically present an inability to predict precise object boundaries due to approximate nature of the supervisory signals in those regions. While great progress has been made in improving the performance, many of these weakly…
Large scale datasets created from user labels or openly available data have become crucial to provide training data for large scale learning algorithms. While these datasets are easier to acquire, the data are frequently noisy and unreliable, which is motivating research on weakly supervised learning techniques. In this paper we propose an iterative learning method that extracts the useful information from a large scale change detection dataset generated from open vector data to train a fully convolutional network which surpasses the performance obtained by naive supervised learning. We also p…
Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data（深圳大数据研究院）；University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学）
Weakly supervised object localization (WSOL) aims to localize objects by only utilizing image-level labels. Class activation maps (CAMs) are the commonly used features to achieve WSOL. However, previous CAM-based methods did not take full advantage of the shallow features, despite their importance for WSOL. Because shallow features are easily buried in background noise through conventional fusion. In this paper, we propose a simple but effective Shallow feature-aware Pseudo supervised Object Localization (SPOL) model for accurate WSOL, which makes the utmost of low-level features embedded in s…
Recently, significant progress has been achieved in deep image matting. Most of the classical image matting methods are time-consuming and require an ideal trimap which is difficult to attain in practice. A high efficient image matting method based on a weakly annotated mask is in demand for mobile applications. In this paper, we propose a novel method based on Deep Learning and Guided Filter, called Inductive Guided Filter, which can tackle the real-time general image matting task on mobile devices. We design a lightweight hourglass network to parameterize the original Guided Filter method th…
East China Normal University（华东师范大学）；Xiamen University（厦门大学）；Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学）
Weakly supervised point cloud semantic segmentation methods that require 1\% or fewer labels, hoping to realize almost the same performance as fully supervised approaches, which recently, have attracted extensive research attention. A typical solution in this framework is to use self-training or pseudo labeling to mine the supervision from the point cloud itself, but ignore the critical information from images. In fact, cameras widely exist in LiDAR scenarios and this complementary information seems to be greatly important for 3D applications. In this paper, we propose a novel cross-modality w…
Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data（深圳大数据研究院）；The Chinese Univeristy of Hong Kong (Shenzhen)（香港中文大学（深圳））
Weakly Supervised Object Localization (WSOL), which aims to localize objects by only using image-level labels, has attracted much attention because of its low annotation cost in real applications. Recent studies leverage the advantage of self-attention in visual Transformer for long-range dependency to re-active semantic regions, aiming to avoid partial activation in traditional class activation mapping (CAM). However, the long-range modeling in Transformer neglects the inherent spatial coherence of the object, and it usually diffuses the semantic-aware regions far from the object boundary, ma…
Eindhoven University of Technology（埃因霍温理工大学）；Shandong University of Science and Technology（山东科技大学）；Philips Research（飞利浦研究院）
Accurate and efficient catheter segmentation in 3D ultrasound (US) is essential for cardiac intervention. Currently, the state-of-the-art segmentation algorithms are based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs), which achieved remarkable performances in a standard Cartesian volumetric data. Nevertheless, these approaches suffer the challenges of low efficiency and GPU unfriendly image size. Therefore, such difficulties and expensive hardware requirements become a bottleneck to build accurate and efficient segmentation models for real clinical application. In this paper, we propose a novel Fru…
Large scale datasets created from crowdsourced labels or openly available data have become crucial to provide training data for large scale learning algorithms. While these datasets are easier to acquire, the data are frequently noisy and unreliable, which is motivating research on weakly supervised learning techniques. In this paper we propose original ideas that help us to leverage such datasets in the context of change detection. First, we propose the guided anisotropic diffusion (GAD) algorithm, which improves semantic segmentation results using the input images as guides to perform edge p…
The costly process of obtaining semantic segmentation labels has driven research towards weakly supervised semantic segmentation (WSSS) methods, using only image-level, point, or box labels. The lack of dense scene representation requires methods to increase complexity to obtain additional semantic information about the scene, often done through multiple stages of training and refinement. Current state-of-the-art (SOTA) models leverage image-level labels to produce class activation maps (CAMs) which go through multiple stages of refinement before they are thresholded to make pseudo-masks for s…
HisynSeg: Weakly-Supervised Histopathological Image Segmentation via Image-Mixing Synthesis and Consistency Regularization
Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University（清华大学深圳国际研究生院）；School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen)（哈尔滨工业大学（深圳）理学院）；School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen)（哈尔滨工业大学（深圳）计算机科学与技术学院）
3D Weakly Supervised Semantic Segmentation via Class-Aware and Geometry-Guided Pseudo-Label Refinement
College of Computer Science, Beihang University（北京航空航天大学计算机科学学院）；College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University（深圳大学计算机科学与软件工程学院）；Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento（特伦托大学信息工程与计算机科学系）；Meituan（美团）
Debate-Enhanced Pseudo Labeling and Frequency-Aware Progressive Debiasing for Weakly-Supervised Camouflaged Object Detection with Scribble Annotations
School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University（东南大学计算机科学与工程学院）；Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Computer Networking Technology（江苏省计算机网络技术重点实验室）；Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Network and Information Security（江苏省网络与信息安全重点实验室）；Key Laboratory of Computer Network and Information Integration of Ministry of Education of China（教育部计算机网络与信息集成重点实验室）；Nanjing Purple Mountain Laboratories（南京紫金山实验室）；Fintech and Big Data Laboratory of Southeast University（东南大学金融科技与大数据实验室）；Department of Aeronautical and Aviation Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University（香港理工大学航空与航空工程系）；School of Computer Science and Engineering, Southeast University（东南大学计算机科学与工程学院）；School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen’s University Belfast（贝尔法斯特女王大学电子、电气与计算机科学学院）
One of the prevalent learning tasks involving images is content-based image classification. This is a difficult task especially because the low-level features used to digitally describe images usually capture little information about the semantics of the images. In this paper, we tackle this difficulty by enriching the semantic content of the image representation by using external knowledge. The underlying hypothesis of our work is that creating a more semantically rich representation for images would yield higher machine learning performances, without the need to modify the learning algorithm…
Recent advances of deep learning have achieved remarkable performances in various challenging computer vision tasks. Especially in object localization, deep convolutional neural networks outperform traditional approaches based on extraction of data/task-driven features instead of hand-crafted features. Although location information of region-of-interests (ROIs) gives good prior for object localization, it requires heavy annotation efforts from human resources. Thus a weakly supervised framework for object localization is introduced. The term "weakly" means that this framework only uses image-l…
Learning visual knowledge from massive weakly-labeled web videos has attracted growing research interests thanks to the large corpus of easily accessible video data on the Internet. However, for video action recognition, the action of interest might only exist in arbitrary clips of untrimmed web videos, resulting in high label noises in the temporal space. To address this issue, we introduce a new method for pre-training video action recognition models using queried web videos. Instead of trying to filter out, we propose to convert the potential noises in these queried videos to useful supervi…
University of Oxford（牛津大学）；Xerox Research Centre Europe（欧洲施乐研究院）
Despite significant progress of deep learning in recent years, state-of-the-art semantic matching methods still rely on legacy features such as SIFT or HoG. We argue that the strong invariance properties that are key to the success of recent deep architectures on the classification task make them unfit for dense correspondence tasks, unless a large amount of supervision is used. In this work, we propose a deep network, termed AnchorNet, that produces image representations that are well-suited for semantic matching. It relies on a set of filters whose response is geometrically consistent across…
The Chinese University of Hong Kong1,Geng Mei AI lab[2, 4], The University of Hong Kong3.（香港中文大学1，羹美人工智能实验室[2, 4]，香港大学3.）
Fine-grained image classification is a challenging problem, since the difficulty of finding discriminative features. To handle this circumstance, basically, there are two ways to go. One is use attention based method to focus on informative areas, while the other one aims to find high order between features. Further, for attention based method there are two directions, activation based and detection based, which are proved effective by scholars. However ,rare work focus on fusing two types of attention with high order feature. In this paper, we propose a novel DAF method which fuse two types o…
Efficient and Effective Weakly-Supervised Action Segmentation via Action-Transition-Aware Boundary Alignment
School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University（中山大学计算机科学与工程学院）；Key Laboratory of Machine Intelligence and Advanced Computing, Ministry of Education（教育部机器智能与先进计算重点实验室）；Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Information Security Technology（广东省信息安全技术重点实验室）
Sun Yat-sen University（中山大学）；Peng Cheng Laboratory（鹏城实验室）；Tencent PCG（腾讯平台与内容事业群）；HKUST（香港科技大学）；Pazhou Lab（琶洲实验室）
Weakly supervised temporal action localization (WS-TAL) is a challenging task that aims to localize action instances in the given video with video-level categorical supervision. Both appearance and motion features are used in previous works, while they do not utilize them in a proper way but apply simple concatenation or score-level fusion. In this work, we argue that the features extracted from the pretrained extractor, e.g., I3D, are not the WS-TALtask-specific features, thus the feature re-calibration is needed for reducing the task-irrelevant information redundancy. Therefore, we propose a…
Single-Stage Hierarchical Rectification for Weakly Supervised Histopathology Segmentation
VinUni-Illinois Smart Health Center, VinUniversity, Hanoi, Vietnam（越南河内VinUniversity VinUni-Illinois智慧健康中心）；The Computer Vision and Medical AI Lab, VinUniversity, Hanoi, Vietnam（越南河内VinUniversity计算机视觉与医学人工智能实验室）；Posts and Telecommunications Institute of Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam（越南河内邮电技术学院）
Beyond Point Annotation: A Weakly Supervised Network Guided by Multi-Level Labels Generated from Four-Point Annotation for Thyroid Nodule Segmentation in Ultrasound Image
Faculty of Robot Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China（机器人科学与工程学院，东北大学，沈阳，中国）；Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada（生物医学工程系，萨斯喀彻温大学，萨斯喀彻温，加拿大）；Department of Ultrasound, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China（超声科，中国医科大学附属盛京医院，沈阳，中国）
Video moment retrieval aims to localize the target moment in an video according to the given sentence. The weak-supervised setting only provides the video-level sentence annotations during training. Most existing weak-supervised methods apply a MIL-based framework to develop inter-sample confrontment, but ignore the intra-sample confrontment between moments with semantically similar contents. Thus, these methods fail to distinguish the target moment from plausible negative moments. In this paper, we propose a novel Regularized Two-Branch Proposal Network to simultaneously consider the inter-sa…
Aalborg University（奥尔堡大学）；Eindhoven University of Technology（埃因霍温理工大学）；Erasmus Medical Center（伊拉斯谟医学中心）；Vendsyssel Hospital（文叙瑟尔医院）；Aalborg University Hospital（奥尔堡大学医院）；University of Copenhagen（哥本哈根大学）
A method for automatically quantifying emphysema regions using High-Resolution Computed Tomography (HRCT) scans of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) that does not require manually annotated scans for training is presented. HRCT scans of controls and of COPD patients with diverse disease severity are acquired at two different centers. Textural features from co-occurrence matrices and Gaussian filter banks are used to characterize the lung parenchyma in the scans. Two robust versions of multiple instance learning (MIL) classifiers, miSVM and MILES, are investigated. The …
MILA（蒙特利尔学习算法研究所）；Université de Montréal（蒙特利尔大学）；Imagia Inc.（Imagia公司）；School of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University（西蒙弗雷泽大学计算科学学院）
The scarcity of richly annotated medical images is limiting supervised deep learning based solutions to medical image analysis tasks, such as localizing discriminatory radiomic disease signatures. Therefore, it is desirable to leverage unsupervised and weakly supervised models. Most recent weakly supervised localization methods apply attention maps or region proposals in a multiple instance learning formulation. While attention maps can be noisy, leading to erroneously highlighted regions, it is not simple to decide on an optimal window/bag size for multiple instance learning approaches. In th…
