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arXiv 2112.02168astro-ph.EPastro-ph.SR
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蝎子行星巡天:围绕年轻A型恒星的宽轨道巨行星

The Scorpion Planet Survey: Wide-Orbit Giant Planets Around Young A-type Stars

Kevin Wagner, Daniel Apai, Markus Kasper, Melissa McClure, Massimo Robberto

摘要:

第一个直接成像的系外行星表明,宽轨道巨行星可能在A型恒星周围更常见。然而,附近A星的数量相对较少,限制了系外行星人口统计研究的精度为$\gtrsim$ 10%。我们的目标是使用VLT/SPHERE极端自适应光学系统来限制A星周围宽轨道巨行星的频率,该系统能够在100 $-$ 200 pc之间瞄准$\gtrsim$ 100颗A星。我们目前的调查结果的84个A-星附近的$\sim$ 5 $-$ 17万年的Sco OB 2协会。这次巡天发现了三颗伴星$-$,其中一颗是新发现的(HIP 75056 Ab),而另外两颗(HD 95086 b和HIP 65426 b)是现在已知的行星,它们的存在没有先验知识。我们通过注射和恢复试验结合蒙特卡罗模拟评估了图像敏感性和观察偏倚,以限制基础人口统计学。我们测量的巨行星的频率随着距离的增加而降低,测量值在10 $-$ 2%之间,距离为30 $-$ 100 AU,95%置信水平(CL)上限为$\lesssim$ 45 $-$ 8%,行星在30 $-$ 100 AU轨道上,$\lesssim$ 5%在200 $-$ 500 AU之间。这些值与最近对太阳附近$-$的A星进行的调查非常一致,这支持了$\lesssim$ 100 AU的巨行星在A星周围比在太阳型宿主周围更频繁的发现。最后,在宽轨道上相对较低的超巨星出现率,与恒星质量的正相关性,以及与轨道分离的负相关性与核心吸积是它们的主要形成机制相一致。

英文摘要:

The first directly imaged exoplanets indicated that wide-orbit giant planets could be more common around A-type stars. However, the relatively small number of nearby A-stars has limited the precision of exoplanet demographics studies to $\gtrsim$10%. We aim to constrain the frequency of wide-orbit giant planets around A-stars using the VLT/SPHERE extreme adaptive optics system, which enables targeting $\gtrsim$100 A-stars between 100$-$200 pc. We present the results of a survey of 84 A-stars within the nearby $\sim$5$-$17 Myr-old Sco OB2 association. The survey detected three companions$-$one of which is a new discovery (HIP75056Ab), whereas the other two (HD 95086b and HIP65426b) are now-known planets that were included without a priori knowledge of their existence. We assessed the image sensitivity and observational biases with injection and recovery tests combined with Monte Carlo simulations to place constraints on the underlying demographics. We measure a decreasing frequency of giant planets with increasing separation, with measured values falling between 10$-$2% for separations of 30$-$100 au, and 95% confidence-level (CL) upper limits of $\lesssim$45$-$8% for planets on 30$-$100 au orbits, and $\lesssim$5% between 200$-$500 au. These values are in excellent agreement with recent surveys of A-stars in the solar neighborhood$-$supporting findings that giant planets at $\lesssim$100 au are more frequent around A-stars than around solar-type hosts. Finally, the relatively low occurrence rate of super-Jupiters on wide orbits, the positive correlation with stellar mass, and the inverse correlation with orbital separation are consistent with core accretion being their dominant formation mechanism.

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