超统计学之外的涨落温度：小系统热力学
Fluctuating temperature outside superstatistics: thermodynamics of small systems
摘要：
温度涨落的存在在热力学中一直是一个有争议的话题，但现在人们认识到，在小的有限系统中必须考虑它们。虽然对于非平衡稳态，超统计正成为表达这种温度波动的\textit{de facto}框架，但最近的一些结果对温度作为相空间可观测的想法提出了质疑。在这项工作中，我们提出和探索的统计，描述了一个孤立系的一部分，足够小，有明确的能量和温度的不确定性，但缺乏一个超统计描述。这些结果促使使用所谓的基本温度作为一个可观察的，并可能是相关的统计描述的小系统在物理化学。
英文摘要：
The existence of fluctuations of temperature has been a somewhat controversial topic in thermodynamics but nowadays it is recognized that they must be taken into account in small, finite systems. Although for nonequilibrium steady states superstatistics is becoming the \textit{de facto} framework for expressing such temperature fluctuations, some recent results put into question the idea of temperature as a phase space observable. In this work we present and explore the statistics that describes a part of an isolated system, small enough to have well-defined uncertainties in energy and temperature, but lacking a superstatistical description. These results motivate the use of the so-called fundamental temperature as an observable and may be relevant for the statistical description of small systems in physical chemistry.
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