The Hilbert scheme of points $\mathrm{Hilb}^n(S)$ of a smooth surface $S$ is a well-studied parameter space, lying at the interface of algebraic geometry, commutative algebra, representation theory, combinatorics, and mathematical physics. The foundational result is a classical theorem of Fogarty, stating that $\mathrm{Hilb}^n(S)$ is a smooth variety of dimension $2n$. In recent years there has been growing interest in a natural generalization of $\mathrm{Hilb}^n(S)$, the nested Hilbert scheme $\mathrm{Hilb}^{(n_1,n_2)}(S)$, which parametrizes nested pairs of zero-dimensional subschemes $Z_1 \supseteq Z_2$ of $S$ with $\mathrm{deg} (Z_i)=n_i$. In contrast to Fogarty's theorem, $\mathrm{Hilb}^{(n_1,n_2)}(S)$ is almost always singular, and very little is known about its singularities. In this paper we aim to advance the knowledge of the geometry of these nested Hilbert schemes. Work by Fogarty in the 70's shows that $\mathrm{Hilb}^{(n,1)}(S)$ is a normal Cohen-Macaulay variety, and Song more recently proved that it has rational singularities. In our main result, we prove that the nested Hilbert scheme $\mathrm{Hilb}^{(n,2)}(S)$ has rational singularities. We employ an array of tools from commutative algebra to prove this theorem. Using Gröbner bases, we establish a connection between $\mathrm{Hilb}^{(n,2)}(S)$ and a certain variety of matrices with an action of the general linear group. This variety of matrices plays a central role in our work, and we analyze it by various algebraic techniques, including square-free Gröbner degenerations, the Stanley-Reisner correspondence, and the Kempf-Lascoux-Weyman technique of calculating syzygies. Along the way, we also obtain results on classes of irreducible and reducible nested Hilbert schemes, dimension of singular loci, and $F$-singularities in positive characteristic.
Dipartimento di Matematica “F. Enriques”, Università degli Studi di Milano（米兰大学）；Department of Mathematics, Simon Fraser University（西蒙菲莎大学）；Department of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles（加州大学洛杉矶分校）
