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arXiv 2108.09273astro-ph.SRastro-ph.HE
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沃尔夫-拉叶星云的双极性

On the bipolarity of Wolf-Rayet nebulae

D. M. -A. Meyer

摘要:

沃尔夫-拉叶星是最稀有但也是最有趣的大质量恒星之一。它们极端的恒星风形成了著名的多波长拱星气体星云,其形态各异,从圆形、环形到双极形状。本研究致力于年轻的,不对称的沃尔夫-拉叶气体星云的形成的调查,我们提出了一个2.5维磁流体动力学玩具模型的模拟风-风相互作用产生的沃尔夫-拉叶气体星云。我们的方法解释了恒星风的不对称性、旋转、磁化、演化和物质的混合。发现蓝超巨星的沃尔夫-拉叶星云的形态与风的几何形状和恒星的相变时间间隔密切相关,产生一个加宽的花生状或准直的喷流状气体星云。对沃尔夫-拉叶星云24 $μ$ m处尘埃红外辐射的辐射转移计算表明,投射的漫射辐射可以呈现为扁球形、双极形、椭球形或环形结构。重要的投影效应在形成观测到的沃尔夫-拉叶星云中起作用。这可能需要对沃尔夫-拉叶壳的各种分类进行修订,这些分类主要基于它们的观察形状。特别是,我们的模型的问题产生前沃尔夫-拉叶风不对称,负责双极星云如NGC 6888,在单一的红超巨星演化通道的情况下的可能性。我们认为双极沃尔夫-拉叶星云只能在红超巨星场景中由多个/合并的大质量恒星系统形成,或者由单个高质量恒星在沃尔夫-拉叶阶段之前经历额外的演化阶段,例如蓝超巨星。

英文摘要:

Wolf-Rayet stars are amongst the rarest but also most intriguing massive stars. Their extreme stellar winds induce famous multi-wavelength circumstellar gas nebulae of various morphologies, spanning from circles and rings to bipolar shapes. This study is devoted to the investigation of the formation of young, asymmetric Wolf-Rayet gas nebulae and we present a 2.5-dimensional magneto-hydrodynamical toy model for the simulation of Wolf-Rayet gas nebulae generated by wind-wind interaction. Our method accounts for stellar wind asymmetries, rotation, magnetisation, evolution and mixing of materials. It is found that the morphology of the Wolf-Rayet nebulae of blue supergiant ancestors is tightly related to the wind geometry and to the stellar phase transition time interval, generating either a broadened peanut-like or a collimated jet-like gas nebula. Radiative transfer calculations of our Wolf-Rayet nebulae for dust infrared emission at 24 $μ$m show that the projected diffuse emission can appear as oblate, bipolar, ellipsoidal or ring structures. Important projection effects are at work in shaping observed Wolf-Rayet nebulae. This might call a revision of the various classifications of Wolf-Rayet shells, which are mostly based on their observed shape. Particularly, our models question the possibility of producing pre-Wolf-Rayet wind asymmetries, responsible for bipolar nebulae like NGC 6888, within the single red supergiant evolution channel scenario. We propose that bipolar Wolf-Rayet nebulae can only be formed within the red supergiant scenario by multiple/merged massive stellar systems, or by single high-mass stars undergoing additional, e.g. blue supergiant, evolutionary stages prior to the Wolf-Rayet phase.

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