在超导量子比特的量子控制微结构中利用不同层次的量子性
Exploiting Different Levels of Parallelism in the Quantum Control Microarchitecture for Superconducting Qubits
摘要：
由于现有的噪声中尺度量子（Noisy Intermediate Scale Quantum，NISQ）器件存在退相干误差，量子控制微体系结构的指令执行中的任何延迟都可能导致量子信息的丢失和错误的计算结果。因此，控制微架构及时向量子处理单元（QPU）发出量子操作至关重要。与经典微架构一样，量子程序中的并行性需要被利用来加速。然而，在量子场景中出现了三个挑战：1）量子反馈控制可以引入显著的流水线停滞延迟; 2）所有量子操作都需要定时控制; 3）QPU需要确定性操作供应以防止量子错误的累积。在本文中，我们提出了一种新的控制微架构设计，利用电路级并行（CLP）和量子操作级并行（QOLP）。首先，我们开发了一个多处理器架构来开发CLP，它支持不同子电路的动态调度。这种架构可以处理并行反馈控制，并最大限度地减少中断时序控制的潜在开销。其次，我们提出了一个量子超标量的方法，利用QOLP有效地并行执行大量的量子指令。这两种方法都确定性地向QPU发出量子操作。在Shor综合征测量的基准测试中，与单核相比，我们的建议的六核实现实现了高达2.59 $\times$的加速比。对于各种规范的量子计算算法，我们的超标量方法实现了平均4.04 $\times$的基线设计的改进。最后，我们进行了同步随机基准测试（simRB）实验上一个真正的QPU使用所提出的微架构进行验证。
英文摘要：
As current Noisy Intermediate Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices suffer from decoherence errors, any delay in the instruction execution of quantum control microarchitecture can lead to the loss of quantum information and incorrect computation results. Hence, it is crucial for the control microarchitecture to issue quantum operations to the Quantum Processing Unit (QPU) in time. As in classical microarchitecture, parallelism in quantum programs needs to be exploited for speedup. However, three challenges emerge in the quantum scenario: 1) the quantum feedback control can introduce significant pipeline stall latency; 2) timing control is required for all quantum operations; 3) QPU requires a deterministic operation supply to prevent the accumulation of quantum errors. In this paper, we propose a novel control microarchitecture design to exploit Circuit Level Parallelism (CLP) and Quantum Operation Level Parallelism (QOLP). Firstly, we develop a Multiprocessor architecture to exploit CLP, which supports dynamic scheduling of different sub-circuits. This architecture can handle parallel feedback control and minimize the potential overhead that disrupts the timing control. Secondly, we propose a Quantum Superscalar approach that exploits QOLP by efficiently executing massive quantum instructions in parallel. Both methods issue quantum operations to QPU deterministically. In the benchmark test of a Shor syndrome measurement, a six-core implementation of our proposal achieves up to 2.59$\times$ speedup compared with a single core. For various canonical quantum computing algorithms, our superscalar approach achieves an average of 4.04$\times$ improvement over a baseline design. Finally, We perform a simultaneous randomized benchmarking (simRB) experiment on a real QPU using the proposed microarchitecture for validation.
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