Recent theoretical and experimental advances show that the inertia of magnetization emerges at sub-picoseconds and contributes to the ultrafast magnetization dynamics which cannot be captured intrinsically by the LLG equation. Therefore, as a generalization, the inertial Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert (iLLG) equation is proposed to model the ultrafast magnetization dynamics. Mathematically, the LLG equation is a nonlinear system of parabolic type with (possible) degeneracy. However, the iLLG equation is a nonlinear system of mixed hyperbolic-parabolic type with degeneracy, and exhibits more complicated structures. It behaves like a hyperbolic system at the sub-picosecond scale while behaves like a parabolic system at larger timescales. Such hybrid behaviors impose additional difficulties on designing numerical methods for the iLLG equation. In this work, we propose a second-order semi-implicit scheme to solve the iLLG equation. The second temporal derivative of magnetization is approximated by the standard centered difference scheme and the first derivative is approximated by the midpoint scheme involving three time steps. The nonlinear terms are treated semi-implicitly using one-sided interpolation with the second-order accuracy. At each step, the unconditionally unique solvability of the unsymmetric linear system of equations in the proposed method is proved with a detailed discussion on the condition number. Numerically, the second-order accuracy in both time and space is verified. Using the proposed method, the inertial effect of ferromagnetics is observed in micromagnetics simulations at small timescales, in consistency with the hyperbolic property of the model at sub-picoseconds. For long time simulations, the results of the iLLG model are in nice agreements with those of the LLG model, in consistency with the parabolic feature of the iLLG model at larger timescales.
We consider the numerical approximation of the inertial Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation (iLLG), which describes the dynamics of the magnetization in ferromagnetic materials at subpicosecond time scales. We propose and analyze two fully discrete numerical schemes: The first method is based on a reformulation of the problem as a linear constrained variational formulation for the linear velocity. The second method exploits a reformulation of the problem as a first order system in time for the magnetization and the angular momentum. Both schemes are implicit, based on first-order finite elements,…
For the Landau--Lifshitz--Gilbert (LLG) equation of micromagnetics we study linearly implicit backward difference formula (BDF) time discretizations up to order $5$ combined with higher-order non-conforming finite element space discretizations, which are based on the weak formulation due to Alouges but use approximate tangent spaces that are defined by $L^2$-averaged instead of nodal orthogonality constraints. We prove stability and optimal-order error bounds in the situation of a sufficiently regular solution. For the BDF methods of orders $3$ to~$5$, this requires %a mild time step restricti…
The Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation yields a mathematical model to describe the evolution of the magnetization of a magnetic material, particularly in response to an external applied magnetic field. It allows one to take into account various physical effects, such as the exchange within the magnetic material itself. In particular, the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation encodes relaxation effects, i.e., it describes the time-delayed alignment of the magnetization field with an external magnetic field. These relaxation effects are an important aspect in magnetic particle imaging, particularly in …
The Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert (LLG) equation is a widely used model for fast magnetization dynamics in ferromagnetic materials. Recently, the inertial LLG equation, which contains an inertial term, has been proposed to capture the ultra-fast magnetization dynamics at the sub-picosecond timescale. Mathematically, this generalized model contains the first temporal derivative and a newly introduced second temporal derivative of magnetization. Consequently, it produces extra difficulties in numerical analysis due to the mixed hyperbolic-parabolic type of this equation with degeneracy. In this work, …
We consider the time-dependent Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation. We prove that each weak solution coincides with the (unique) strong solution, as long as the latter exists in time. Unlike available results in the literature, our analysis also includes the physically relevant lower-order terms like Zeeman contribution, anisotropy, stray field, and the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (which accounts for the emergence of magnetic Skyrmions). Moreover, our proof gives a template on how to approach weak-strong uniqueness for even more complicated problems, where LLG is (nonlinearly) coupled to ot…
Error Analysis of Third-Order in Time and Fourth-Order Linear Finite Difference Scheme for Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert Equation under Large Damping Parameters
A decoupled, stable, and second-order integrator for the Landau--Lifshitz--Gilbert equation with magnetoelastic effects
Institute of Information Theory and Automation, Czech Academy of Sciences（自动化与信息理论研究所，捷克科学院）；Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde（斯特拉斯克莱德大学数学与统计系）；Department of Mathematics, University of Bologna（博洛尼亚大学数学系）
In this paper, we present two improved Gauss-Seidel projection methods with unconditional stability. The first method updates the gyromagnetic term and the damping term simultaneously and follows by a projection step. The second method introduces two sets of approximate solutions, where we update the gyromagnetic term and the damping term simultaneously for one set of approximate solutions and apply the projection step to the other set of approximate solutions in an alternating manner. Compared to the original Gauss-Seidel projection method which has to solve heat equations $7$ times at each t…
A priori error analysis of a mass-lumped midpoint finite element method with a structure-preserving solver for the Landau--Lifshitz--Gilbert equation with Dzyaloshinskii--Moriya interaction
A linear mass-lumped finite element method for the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation: unconditional energy dissipation and length preservation
Beijing University of Technology（北京工业大学）；Shandong University（山东大学）；University of Massachusetts, North Dartmouth（马萨诸塞大学北达特茅斯分校）；Southern University of Science and Technology（南方科技大学）
Stability and error analysis of fully discrete original energy-dissipative and length-preserving scheme for the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation
School of Mathematics, Shandong University（山东大学数学学院）；School of Mathematics and State Key Laboratory of Cryptography and Digital Economy Security, Shandong University（山东大学数学学院与密码学与数字经济安全全国重点实验室）；Mathematics Department, University of Massachusetts, North Dartmouth（马萨诸塞大学北达特茅斯分校数学系）；Department of Mathematics, SUSTech International Center for Mathematics & National Center for Applied Mathematics Shenzhen (NCAMS), Southern University of Science and Technology（南方科技大学数学系、南方科技大学国际数学中心与应用数学深圳国家研究中心）
