We use the stellar evolution code MESA to study the negative jet feedback mechanism in common envelope jets supernovae (CEJSNe) where a neutron star (NS) launches jets in the envelope of a red supergiant (RSG), and find that the feedback reduces the mass accretion rate to be $χ_{\rm j} \simeq 0.04-0.3$ times the mass accretion rate without the operation of jets. We mimic the effect of the jets on the RSG envelope by depositing the energy that the jets carry into the envelope zones outside the NS orbit. The energy deposition inflates the envelope, therefore reducing the density in the NS vicinity, which in turn reduces the mass accretion rate in a negative feedback cycle. In calculating the above values for the negative jet feedback coefficient (the further reduction in the accretion rate) $χ_{\rm j}$, we adopt the canonical ratio of jets power to actual accretion power of $0.1$, and the results of numerical simulations that show the actual mass accretion rate to be a fraction of $0.1-0.5$ of the Bondi-Hoyle-Lyttleton mass accretion rate.
Stripped-envelope supernovae (Types IIb, Ib, and Ic) that show little or no hydrogen comprise roughly one-third of the observed explosions of massive stars. Their origin and the evolution of their progenitors are not yet fully understood. Very massive single stars stripped by their own winds ($\gtrsim 25-30 M_{\odot}$ at solar metallicity) are considered viable progenitors of these events. However, recent 1D core-collapse simulations show that some massive stars may collapse directly into black holes after a failed explosion, with a weak or no visible transient. In this letter, we estimate the…
We conducted three-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations of common envelope evolution (CEE) of a neutron star (NS) or a black hole (BH) inside a red supergiant (RSG) envelope and find that the jets that we expect the NS/BH to launch during the CEE spin-up the common envelope. We find that when the NS/BH launches jets that are exactly perpendicular to the orbital plane (the jets are aligned with the orbital angular momentum) the jets deposit angular momentum to the envelope that is aligned with the orbital angular momentum. When the jets' axis is inclined to the orbital angular momentum axis s…
The single-degenerate (SD) model is one of the leading models for the progenitors of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia). Recently, a new version of the SD model, the common-envelope wind (CEW) model, has been proposed, which, in principle, has the potential to resolve most of the difficulties encountered by previous SD models. This model is still being developed and a number of open issues remain, such as the details of the mass-loss mechanism from the surface of the common envelope (CE), the main observational properties, and the spiral-in timescale of the binary inside the envelope. In this article…
This paper reports an environmental analysis of 41 uniformly-selected stripped-envelope supernovae (SESNe) based on deep ultraviolet-optical images acquired by the Hubble Space Telescope. Young stellar populations are detected in most SN environments and their ages are derived with a hierarchical Bayesian approach. The age distributions are indistinguishable between Type IIb and Type Ib while that for Type Ic is systematically younger. This suggests that the Type Ic SN progenitors are more massive while the Type IIb and Type Ib SNe have very similar progenitor masses. Our result supports a hyb…
The discovery of rapidly rising and fading supernovae powered by circumstellar interaction has suggested the pre-supernova mass eruption phase as a critical phenomenon in massive star evolution. It is important to understand the mass and radial extent of the circumstellar medium (CSM) from theoretically predicted mass ejection mechanisms. In this work, we study the wave heating process in massive hydrogen-poor stars, running a suite of stellar models in order to predict the wave energy and pre-explosion time scale of surface energy deposition. We survey stellar models with main sequence progen…
Over-luminous type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) show peculiar observational features, for which an explosion of a super-massive white dwarf (WD) beyond the classical Chandrasekhar-limiting mass has been suggested, largely based on their high luminosities and slow light-curve evolution. However, their observational features are diverse, with a few extremely peculiar features whose origins have not been clarified; strong and persisting C II lines, late-time accelerated luminosity decline and red spectra, and a sub-day time-scale initial flash clearly identified so far at least for three over-luminous …
Mixing of 56Ni, whose nuclear decay energy is a major luminosity source in stripped-envelope supernovae, is known to affect the observational properties of stripped-envelope supernovae such as light-curve and color evolution. Here we systematically investigate the effect of 56Ni mixing on the photospheric velocity evolution in stripped-envelope supernovae. We show that 56Ni mixing significantly affects the early photospheric velocity evolution. The photospheric velocity, which is often used to constrain the ejecta mass and explosion energy, significantly varies by just changing the degree of 5…
We study high energy neutrino emission from relativistic jets launched by a black hole (BH) spiraling-in inside the envelope of a red supergiant (RSG), and find that such common envelope jets supernovae (CEJSNe) are a potential source for the ~10^15 eV neutrinos detected by IceCube. We first use the stellar evolution code MESA to mimic the effect of the jets on the RSG envelope, and find that the jets substantially inflate the envelope. We then study the propagation of jets inside the extended RSG envelope and find that in most cases the jets do not penetrate the envelope but are rather stalle…
I use recent observations of circumstellar matter (CSM) around type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) to estimate the fraction of SNe Ia that explode into a planetary nebula (PN) and to suggest a new delay time distribution from the common envelope evolution (CEE) to the SN Ia explosion for SNe Ia that occur shortly after the CEE. Under the assumption that the CSM results from a CEE, I crudely estimate that about 50 per cent of all SNe Ia are SNe Ia inside PNe (SNIPs), and that the explosions of most SNIPs occur within a CEE to explosion delay (CEED) time of less than about ten thousand years. I also est…
The power of binaries on stripped-envelope supernovae across metallicity: uniform progenitor parameter space and persistently low ejecta masses, but subtype diversity
Study of Envelope Velocity Evolution of Type Ib-c Core-Collapse Supernovae from Observations of XRF 080109 / SN 2008D and GRB 060218 / SN 2006aj with BTA
The Berkeley Sample of Stripped-Envelope Supernovae
我们提出了完整的样本的剥离信封超新星（SN）光谱观测的利克天文台超新星搜索（LOSS）合作在过去的三十年中：888光谱的302 SNe，652在这里首次公布，与384光谱（92 SNe）具有光度测定的阶段。在校正红移和银河系尘埃红化和重新评估每个SN的光谱分类后，我们构建了三个主要光谱亚型（IIb型，Ib型和Ic型）的平均光谱。我们比较了这个样本的谱线强度和宽度的测量结果与以前的结果，证实了在峰值亮度后的前30天内，Ic型SNe中O I λ7774的吸收比Ib或IIb型SNe更强，并且速度更快，尽管星云发射谱线的宽度在亚型之间是一致的。我们还强调了一些罕见的感兴趣的亚群的新观察。
The Demographics of Binary Companions to Stripped-Envelope Supernovae: Confronting Observations with Population Synthesis
Foundation for Research and Technology（研究与技术基金会）；Space Telescope Science Institute（太空望远镜科学研究所）；University of Toronto（多伦多大学）；Carnegie Institution for Science（卡内基科学促进会）；Northwestern University（西北大学）；Caltech/IPAC（加州理工学院/IPAC）；University of Washington（华盛顿大学）
We simulate the influence of the energy that the merger process of two neutron stars (NSs) releases inside a red supergiant (RSG) star on the RSG envelope inner to the merger location. In the triple star common envelope evolution (CEE) that we consider a tight binary system of two NSs spirals-in inside an RSG envelope and because of mass accretion and dynamical friction the two NS merge. We deposit merger-explosion energies of 3e50 and 1e51 erg at distances of 25Ro and 50Ro from the center of the RSG, and with the three-dimensional hydrodynamical code FLASH we follow the evolution of the RSG e…
The division between stripped-envelope supernovae (SE-SNe) and superluminous supernovae (SLSNe) is not well defined in either photometric or spectroscopic space. While a sharp luminosity threshold has been suggested, there remains an increasing number of transitional objects that reach this threshold without the spectroscopic signatures common to SLSNe. In this work we present data and analysis on four SNe transitional between SE-SNe and SLSNe; the He-poor SNe 2019dwa and 2019cri, and the He-rich SNe 2019hge and 2019unb. Each object displays long-lived and variable photometric evolution with l…
(abridged) When stripped from their hydrogen-rich envelopes, stars with initial masses between $\sim$7 and 11 M$_\odot$ develop massive degenerate cores and collapse. Depending on the final structure and composition, the outcome can range from a thermonuclear explosion, to the formation of a neutron star in an electron-capture supernova (ECSN). It has been recently demonstrated that stars in this mass range may initiate explosive oxygen burning when their central densities are still below $ρ_{\rm c} \lesssim 10^{9.6}$ g cm$^{-3}$. This makes them interesting candidates for type Ia supernovae -…
We conduct three-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations of eccentric common envelope jets supernova (CEJSN) impostors, i.e., a neutron star (NS) that crosses through the envelope of a red supergiant star on a highly eccentric orbit and launches jets as it accretes mass from the envelope. Because of numerical limitations we apply a simple prescription where we inject the assumed jets' power into two opposite conical regions inside the envelope. We find the outflow morphology to be very complicated, clumpy, and non-spherical, having a large-scale symmetry only about the equatorial plane. The out…
Stripped-envelope stars can be observed as Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars, or as less luminous hydrogen-poor stars with low mass loss rates and transparent winds. Both types are potential progenitors of Type I core-collapse supernovae (SNe). We use grids of core-collapse models obtained from helium stars at different metallicities to study the effects of metallicity on the transients and remnants these stars produce. We characterise the surface and core properties of our core collapse models, and investigate their explodability employing three criteria. In cases where explosions are predicted, we estim…
An optimized radio follow-up strategy for stripped-envelope core-collapse supernovae
几个正在进行或计划进行的天气光学调查提供或即将提供一个前所未有的机会，发现更大的样本的最罕见类型的剥离信封核心坍缩超新星（SNe），如那些与相对论喷流，轻度相对论喷出物，或强相互作用与星周介质（CSM）。无线电波长的观测是探测最快移动的喷出物以及更密集的星周环境的有用工具，因此可以帮助我们识别最罕见的核心塌陷爆炸类型。在这里，我们将讨论如何建立一个有效的无线电后续程序，以检测和正确识别无线电发射剥离信封核心崩溃爆炸。我们使用一种类似于\citealt{Carbone2018}中描述的方法，并确定GHz射电观测的最佳定时，假设灵敏度与Karl G. Jansky甚大阵。进行优化是为了确保收集到的射电观测可以通过使用尽可能少的望远镜时间来识别为射电对应物提供动力的爆炸类型。我们还提出了一个以前未发表的上限的晚期射电辐射超新星iPTF17cw。最后，我们通过讨论X射线的后续影响得出结论。
I propose a new type of common envelope jets supernova (CEJSN) events where instead of a single neutron star (NS; or a black hole; BH) a tight binary system of a NS and a main sequence star enters a common envelope evolution (CEE) with a red supergiant. The NS and the main sequence star of the tight binary system merge inside the red supergiant envelope and enter a CEE of their own. The NS accretes some mass through an accretion disk and launches jets that explodes the main sequence star. I estimate that the two jets that the NS launches at this phase carry an energy of ~10^{52} erg, about the…
I explore a triple-star scenario where a tight neutron star (NS) - NS binary system enters the envelope of a red supergiant (RSG) star and spirals-in towards its core. The two NSs accrete mass through accretion disks and launch jets that power a very luminous and long transient event, a common envelope jets supernova (CEJSN) event. Dynamical friction brings the two NSs to merge either in the RSG envelope or core. The total energy of the event, radiation and kinetic, is >10^{52}erg. The light curve stays luminous for months to years and a signal of gravitational waves might be detected. The eje…
Spectral Dataset of Stripped-Envelope Supernovae from the Tsinghua Supernova Group
Beijing Planetarium（北京天文馆）；Beijing Academy of Sciences and Technology（北京市科学技术研究院）；Department of Physics, Tsinghua University（清华大学物理系）；Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院云南天文台）；International Centre of Supernovae, Yunnan Key Laboratory（云南省超新星国际研究中心）；Key Laboratory for the Structure and Evolution of Celestial Objects, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院天体结构与演化重点实验室）；School of Physics and Information Engineering, Jiangsu Second Normal University（江苏第二师范学院物理与信息技术学院）
我们提出了一个分析的507光谱的173剥离信封（SE）超新星（SNe）发现的非目标帕洛玛瞬态工厂（PTF）和中间PTF（iPTF）的调查。我们的样本包含55个IIb型SNe（SNe IIb），45个Ib型SNe（SNe Ib），56个Ic型SNe（SNe Ic）和17个Ib/c型SNe（SNe Ib/c）。我们通过测量He I $λ\lambda5876, 7065$和O I $\lambda7774$吸收线的伪等效宽度（pEW）和速度来比较SE SN亚型。与以前的工作一致，我们发现，SNe Ic显示更高的pEW和速度在O I $\lambda7774$相比，SNe IIb和Ib。He I $λ\lambda5876, 7065$谱线的pEW在最大光照后在SNe Ib和IIb中是相似的。在最大光照下，He I $λ\lambda5876, 7065$在SNe Ib中的速度高于SNe IIb。我们已经确定了SNe IIb和Ib中He I $\lambda7065$ pEW和O I $\lambda7774$速度之间的关系。这可以解释为爆炸时He含量的连续性。有人认为，SNe Ib和Ic具有相似的He含量，并且较低的混合可能是SNe Ic中隐藏He的原因。然而，我们的数据与这种混合假设相矛盾。如果假设SE SN亚型之间的其他爆炸参数不变，则在SNe Ic（$V_{\mathrm{m}}…
