We view disentanglement learning as discovering an underlying structure that equivariantly reflects the factorized variations shown in data. Traditionally, such a structure is fixed to be a vector space with data variations represented by translations along individual latent dimensions. We argue this simple structure is suboptimal since it requires the model to learn to discard the properties (e.g. different scales of changes, different levels of abstractness) of data variations, which is an extra work than equivariance learning. Instead, we propose to encode the data variations with groups, a structure not only can equivariantly represent variations, but can also be adaptively optimized to preserve the properties of data variations. Considering it is hard to conduct training on group structures, we focus on Lie groups and adopt a parameterization using Lie algebra. Based on the parameterization, some disentanglement learning constraints are naturally derived. A simple model named Commutative Lie Group VAE is introduced to realize the group-based disentanglement learning. Experiments show that our model can effectively learn disentangled representations without supervision, and can achieve state-of-the-art performance without extra constraints.
Tsinghua University（清华大学）；UC San Diego（加州大学圣地亚哥分校）；Qualcomm, Inc.（高通公司）；University of Amsterdam（阿姆斯特丹大学）
We propose an algorithm, guided variational autoencoder (Guided-VAE), that is able to learn a controllable generative model by performing latent representation disentanglement learning. The learning objective is achieved by providing signals to the latent encoding/embedding in VAE without changing its main backbone architecture, hence retaining the desirable properties of the VAE. We design an unsupervised strategy and a supervised strategy in Guided-VAE and observe enhanced modeling and controlling capability over the vanilla VAE. In the unsupervised strategy, we guide the VAE learning by int…
Variational AutoEncoders (VAEs) provide a means to generate representational latent embeddings. Previous research has highlighted the benefits of achieving representations that are disentangled, particularly for downstream tasks. However, there is some debate about how to encourage disentanglement with VAEs and evidence indicates that existing implementations of VAEs do not achieve disentanglement consistently. The evaluation of how well a VAE's latent space has been disentangled is often evaluated against our subjective expectations of which attributes should be disentangled for a given probl…
Closed-Loop Unsupervised Representation Disentanglement with $β$-VAE Distillation and Diffusion Probabilistic Feedback
Ningbo Institute of Digital Twin, Eastern Institute of Technology（宁波数字孪生研究所、东部技术研究所）；Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学）；Xi’an Jiaotong University（西安交通大学）
Geometric disentanglement, the separation of latent codes for intrinsic (i.e. identity) and extrinsic(i.e. pose) geometry, is a prominent task for generative models of non-Euclidean data such as 3D deformable models. It provides greater interpretability of the latent space, and leads to more control in generation. This work introduces a mesh feature, the conformal factor and normal feature (CFAN),for use in mesh convolutional autoencoders. We further propose CFAN-VAE, a novel architecture that disentangles identity and pose using the CFAN feature. Requiring no label information on the identity…
Samsung AI Center（三星人工智能中心）；Rutgers University（罗格斯大学）
We propose a family of novel hierarchical Bayesian deep auto-encoder models capable of identifying disentangled factors of variability in data. While many recent attempts at factor disentanglement have focused on sophisticated learning objectives within the VAE framework, their choice of a standard normal as the latent factor prior is both suboptimal and detrimental to performance. Our key observation is that the disentangled latent variables responsible for major sources of variability, the relevant factors, can be more appropriately modeled using long-tail distributions. The typical Gaussian…
Institute of Neuroinformatics, ETH Zurich（苏黎世联邦理工学院神经信息学研究所）
Disentanglement is at the forefront of unsupervised learning, as disentangled representations of data improve generalization, interpretability, and performance in downstream tasks. Current unsupervised approaches remain inapplicable for real-world datasets since they are highly variable in their performance and fail to reach levels of disentanglement of (semi-)supervised approaches. We introduce population-based training (PBT) for improving consistency in training variational autoencoders (VAEs) and demonstrate the validity of this approach in a supervised setting (PBT-VAE). We then use Unsupe…
Recent work by Locatello et al. (2018) has shown that an inductive bias is required to disentangle factors of interest in Variational Autoencoder (VAE). Motivated by a real-world problem, we propose a setting where such bias is introduced by providing pairwise ordinal comparisons between instances, based on the desired factor to be disentangled. For example, a doctor compares pairs of patients based on the level of severity of their illnesses, and the desired factor is a quantitive level of the disease severity. In a real-world application, the pairwise comparisons are usually noisy. Our metho…
Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e)（埃因霍温理工大学）；Eindhoven Artificial Intelligence Systems Institute (EAISI)（埃因霍温人工智能系统研究所）；Prosus（Prosus公司）
The definition of Linear Symmetry-Based Disentanglement (LSBD) formalizes the notion of linearly disentangled representations, but there is currently no metric to quantify LSBD. Such a metric is crucial to evaluate LSBD methods and to compare to previous understandings of disentanglement. We propose $\mathcal{D}_\mathrm{LSBD}$, a mathematically sound metric to quantify LSBD, and provide a practical implementation for $\mathrm{SO}(2)$ groups. Furthermore, from this metric we derive LSBD-VAE, a semi-supervised method to learn LSBD representations. We demonstrate the utility of our metric by show…
Rice University（莱斯大学）；Baylor College of Medicine（贝勒医学院）
Learning interpretable and disentangled representations is a crucial yet challenging task in representation learning. In this work, we focus on semi-supervised disentanglement learning and extend work by Locatello et al. (2019) by introducing another source of supervision that we denote as label replacement. Specifically, during training, we replace the inferred representation associated with a data point with its ground-truth representation whenever it is available. Our extension is theoretically inspired by our proposed general framework of semi-supervised disentanglement learning in the con…
Mutual Information Collapse Explains Disentanglement Failure in $β$-VAEs
Department of Mathematics, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA；Department of Mathematics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA；Division of Electrical \& Computer Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
University of Campinas（坎皮纳斯大学）；University of Oslo（奥斯陆大学）
Independent components within low-dimensional representations are essential inputs in several downstream tasks, and provide explanations over the observed data. Video-based disentangled factors of variation provide low-dimensional representations that can be identified and used to feed task-specific models. We introduce MTC-VAE, a self-supervised motion-transfer VAE model to disentangle motion and content from videos. Unlike previous work on video content-motion disentanglement, we adopt a chunk-wise modeling approach and take advantage of the motion information contained in spatiotemporal nei…
USC Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering（南加州大学明谢电气与计算机工程系）；USC Information Sciences Institute（南加州大学信息科学研究所）；Visual Intelligence and Multimedia Analytics Laboratory（视觉智能与多媒体分析实验室）
Representation disentanglement is an important goal of representation learning that benefits various downstream tasks. To achieve this goal, many unsupervised learning representation disentanglement approaches have been developed. However, the training process without utilizing any supervision signal have been proved to be inadequate for disentanglement representation learning. Therefore, we propose a novel weakly-supervised training approach, named as SW-VAE, which incorporates pairs of input observations as supervision signals by using the generative factors of datasets. Furthermore, we intr…
Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC)（维迪亚西利梅迪科学技术学院）；King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT)（国王科技大学吞武里分校）；Imperial College London（帝国理工学院）
Visual data can be understood at different levels of granularity, where global features correspond to semantic-level information and local features correspond to texture patterns. In this work, we propose a framework, called SPLIT, which allows us to disentangle local and global information into two separate sets of latent variables within the variational autoencoder (VAE) framework. Our framework adds generative assumption to the VAE by requiring a subset of the latent variables to generate an auxiliary set of observable data. This additional generative assumption primes the latent variables …
Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS（弗劳恩霍夫集成电路研究所）
This report to our stage 1 submission to the NeurIPS 2019 disentanglement challenge presents a simple image preprocessing method for training VAEs leading to improved disentanglement compared to directly using the images. In particular, we propose to use regionally aggregated feature maps extracted from CNNs pretrained on ImageNet. Our method achieved the 2nd place in stage 1 of the challenge. Code is available at https://github.com/mseitzer/neurips2019-disentanglement-challenge.
A large part of the literature on learning disentangled representations focuses on variational autoencoders (VAE). Recent developments demonstrate that disentanglement cannot be obtained in a fully unsupervised setting without inductive biases on models and data. However, Khemakhem et al., AISTATS, 2020 suggest that employing a particular form of factorized prior, conditionally dependent on auxiliary variables complementing input observations, can be one such bias, resulting in an identifiable model with guarantees on disentanglement. Working along this line, we propose a novel VAE-based gener…
We propose a novel VAE-based deep auto-encoder model that can learn disentangled latent representations in a fully unsupervised manner, endowed with the ability to identify all meaningful sources of variation and their cardinality. Our model, dubbed Relevance-Factor-VAE, leverages the total correlation (TC) in the latent space to achieve the disentanglement goal, but also addresses the key issue of existing approaches which cannot distinguish between meaningful and nuisance factors of latent variation, often the source of considerable degradation in disentanglement performance. We tackle this …
In recent years, extending variational autoencoder's framework to learn disentangled representations has received much attention. We address this problem by proposing a framework capable of disentangling class-related and class-independent factors of variation in data. Our framework employs an attention mechanism in its latent space in order to improve the process of extracting class-related factors from data. We also deal with the multimodality of data distribution by utilizing mixture models as learnable prior distributions, as well as incorporating the Bhattacharyya coefficient in the objec…
Department of Computer Science, National University of Singapore（新加坡国立大学计算机科学系）
We address the problem of unsupervised disentanglement of latent representations learnt via deep generative models. In contrast to current approaches that operate on the evidence lower bound (ELBO), we argue that statistical independence in the latent space of VAEs can be enforced in a principled hierarchical Bayesian manner. To this effect, we augment the standard VAE with an inverse-Wishart (IW) prior on the covariance matrix of the latent code. By tuning the IW parameters, we are able to encourage (or discourage) independence in the learnt latent dimensions. Extensive experimental results o…
We develop a generalisation of disentanglement in VAEs---decomposition of the latent representation---characterising it as the fulfilment of two factors: a) the latent encodings of the data having an appropriate level of overlap, and b) the aggregate encoding of the data conforming to a desired structure, represented through the prior. Decomposition permits disentanglement, i.e. explicit independence between latents, as a special case, but also allows for a much richer class of properties to be imposed on the learnt representation, such as sparsity, clustering, independent subspaces, or even i…
LIPN（巴黎第十三大学信息与通信科学实验室）；Université Sorbonne Paris Nord（巴黎第十三大学）；CNRS（法国国家科学研究中心）；INRIA Paris（巴黎法国国家信息与自动化研究所）
We propose a generative model for text generation, which exhibits disentangled latent representations of syntax and semantics. Contrary to previous work, this model does not need syntactic information such as constituency parses, or semantic information such as paraphrase pairs. Our model relies solely on the inductive bias found in attention-based architectures such as Transformers. In the attention of Transformers, keys handle information selection while values specify what information is conveyed. Our model, dubbed QKVAE, uses Attention in its decoder to read latent variables where one late…
Deep learning (DL) methods where interpretability is intrinsically considered as part of the model are required to better understand the relationship of clinical and imaging-based attributes with DL outcomes, thus facilitating their use in the reasoning behind medical decisions. Latent space representations built with variational autoencoders (VAE) do not ensure individual control of data attributes. Attribute-based methods enforcing attribute disentanglement have been proposed in the literature for classical computer vision tasks in benchmark data. In this paper, we propose a VAE approach, th…
Given a dataset of images containing different objects with different features such as shape, size, rotation, and x-y position; and a Variational Autoencoder (VAE); creating a disentangled encoding of these features in the hidden space vector of the VAE was the task of interest in this paper. The dSprite dataset provided the desired features for the required experiments in this research. After training the VAE combined with a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN), each dimension of the hidden vector was disrupted to explore the disentanglement in each dimension. Note that the GAN was used to im…
An effective approach for voice conversion (VC) is to disentangle linguistic content from other components in the speech signal. The effectiveness of variational autoencoder (VAE) based VC (VAE-VC), for instance, strongly relies on this principle. In our prior work, we proposed a cross-domain VAE-VC (CDVAE-VC) framework, which utilized acoustic features of different properties, to improve the performance of VAE-VC. We believed that the success came from more disentangled latent representations. In this paper, we extend the CDVAE-VC framework by incorporating the concept of adversarial learning…
A Multi-Level Causal Intervention Framework for Mechanistic Interpretability in Variational Autoencoders
Indian Institute of Technology, Patna（印度理工学院巴特那分校）；Rajarshi School of Management Technology, Varanasi（拉贾尔希管理技术学院瓦拉纳西分校）；Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida（杰皮信息技术学院诺伊达分校）
Disentanglement of Sources in a Multi-Stream Variational Autoencoder
Machine Learning Lab, Department of Medical Physics and Acoustics, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Germany（德国奥尔登堡卡尔·冯·奥西茨基大学医学物理与声学系机器学习实验室）；Research Group AI, Department of Computer Science, University of Innsbruck, Austria（奥地利因斯布鲁克大学计算机科学系人工智能研究组）
Eindhoven University of Technology（埃因霍温理工大学）；Prosus AI（Prosus人工智能）；Prosus
A disentangled representation of a data set should be capable of recovering the underlying factors that generated it. One question that arises is whether using Euclidean space for latent variable models can produce a disentangled representation when the underlying generating factors have a certain geometrical structure. Take for example the images of a car seen from different angles. The angle has a periodic structure but a 1-dimensional representation would fail to capture this topology. How can we address this problem? The submissions presented for the first stage of the NeurIPS2019 Disentan…
Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems（马克斯·普朗克智能系统研究所）
The performance of $β$-Variational-Autoencoders ($β$-VAEs) and their variants on learning semantically meaningful, disentangled representations is unparalleled. On the other hand, there are theoretical arguments suggesting the impossibility of unsupervised disentanglement. In this work, we shed light on the inductive bias responsible for the success of VAE-based architectures. We show that in classical datasets the structure of variance, induced by the generating factors, is conveniently aligned with the latent directions fostered by the VAE objective. This builds the pivotal bias on which the…
Disentanglement with Factor Quantized Variational Autoencoders
Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Southern Denmark（数学与计算机科学系，丹麦南部大学）；Department of Computer Engineering, Istanbul Technical University（计算机工程系，伊斯坦布尔技术大学）；Department of AI and Data Engineering, Istanbul Technical University（人工智能与数据工程系，伊斯坦布尔技术大学）
Multi-modal generative models represent an important family of deep models, whose goal is to facilitate representation learning on data with multiple views or modalities. However, current deep multi-modal models focus on the inference of shared representations, while neglecting the important private aspects of data within individual modalities. In this paper, we introduce a disentangled multi-modal variational autoencoder (DMVAE) that utilizes disentangled VAE strategy to separate the private and shared latent spaces of multiple modalities. We specifically consider the instance where the laten…
Improving controllability or the ability to manipulate one or more attributes of the generated data has become a topic of interest in the context of deep generative models of music. Recent attempts in this direction have relied on learning disentangled representations from data such that the underlying factors of variation are well separated. In this paper, we focus on the relationship between disentanglement and controllability by conducting a systematic study using different supervised disentanglement learning algorithms based on the Variational Auto-Encoder (VAE) architecture. Our experimen…
Computer Vision and Learning Systems (CVL), Linköping University, Sweden（计算机视觉与学习系统（CVL），林雪平大学，瑞典）；Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Sweden（科学与技术系，林雪平大学，瑞典）
A variational autoencoder (VAE) is a probabilistic machine learning framework for posterior inference that projects an input set of high-dimensional data to a lower-dimensional, latent space. The latent space learned with a VAE offers exciting opportunities to develop new data-driven design processes in creative disciplines, in particular, to automate the generation of multiple novel designs that are aesthetically reminiscent of the input data but that were unseen during training. However, the learned latent space is typically disorganized and entangled: traversing the latent space along a sin…
The goal of a classification model is to assign the correct labels to data. In most cases, this data is not fully described by the given set of labels. Often a rich set of meaningful concepts exist in the domain that can much more precisely describe each datapoint. Such concepts can also be highly useful for interpreting the model's classifications. In this paper we propose a model, denoted as Variational Autoencoder-based Contrastive Explanation (VAE-CE), that represents data with high-level concepts and uses this representation for both classification and generating explanations. The explana…
Structural Equation-VAE: Disentangled Latent Representations for Tabular Data
Department of Politics and Public Administration（政治与公共行政系）；The University of Hong Kong（香港大学）；School of Computer Science（计算机科学系）；Carnegie Mellon University（卡内基梅隆大学）；Department of Applied Social Sciences（应用社会科学系）；The Hong Kong Polytechnic University（香港理工大学）
Learning a disentangled, interpretable, and structured latent representation in 3D generative models of faces and bodies is still an open problem. The problem is particularly acute when control over identity features is required. In this paper, we propose an intuitive yet effective self-supervised approach to train a 3D shape variational autoencoder (VAE) which encourages a disentangled latent representation of identity features. Curating the mini-batch generation by swapping arbitrary features across different shapes allows to define a loss function leveraging known differences and similariti…
Imperial College London（帝国理工学院）；University College London（伦敦大学学院）；City University of London（伦敦城市大学）
We propose a new model for relational VAE semi-supervision capable of balancing disentanglement and low complexity modelling of relations with different symbolic properties. We compare the relative benefits of relation-decoder complexity and latent space structure on both inductive and transductive transfer learning. Our results depict a complex picture where enforcing structure on semi-supervised representations can greatly improve zero-shot transductive transfer, but may be less favourable or even impact negatively the capacity for inductive transfer.
University of Toronto（多伦多大学）；Vector Institute（向量研究所）
We decompose the evidence lower bound to show the existence of a term measuring the total correlation between latent variables. We use this to motivate our $β$-TCVAE (Total Correlation Variational Autoencoder), a refinement of the state-of-the-art $β$-VAE objective for learning disentangled representations, requiring no additional hyperparameters during training. We further propose a principled classifier-free measure of disentanglement called the mutual information gap (MIG). We perform extensive quantitative and qualitative experiments, in both restricted and non-restricted settings, and sho…
$β$-VAE is a follow-up technique to variational autoencoders that proposes special weighting of the KL divergence term in the VAE loss to obtain disentangled representations. Unsupervised learning is known to be brittle even on toy datasets and a meaningful, mathematically precise definition of disentanglement remains difficult to find. Here we investigate the original $β$-VAE paper and add evidence to the results previously obtained indicating its lack of reproducibility. We also further expand the experimentation of the models and include further more complex datasets in the analysis. We als…
Institute for AI in Medicine (IKIM), University Medicine Essen（埃森大学医学人工智能研究所（IKIM））；Computer Vision and Learning Lab (CVL), Heidelberg University（海德堡大学计算机视觉与学习实验室（CVL））
Deep neural networks are commonly used for medical purposes such as image generation, segmentation, or classification. Besides this, they are often criticized as black boxes as their decision process is often not human interpretable. Encouraging the latent representation of a generative model to be disentangled offers new perspectives of control and interpretability. Understanding the data generation process could help to create artificial medical data sets without violating patient privacy, synthesizing different data modalities, or discovering data generating characteristics. These character…
We address the problem of unsupervised disentanglement of discrete and continuous explanatory factors of data. We first show a simple procedure for minimizing the total correlation of the continuous latent variables without having to use a discriminator network or perform importance sampling, via cascading the information flow in the $β$-vae framework. Furthermore, we propose a method which avoids offloading the entire burden of jointly modeling the continuous and discrete factors to the variational encoder by employing a separate discrete inference procedure. This leads to an interesting alte…
Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理工学院）；New York Structural Biology Center（纽约结构生物学中心）
Given an image dataset, we are often interested in finding data generative factors that encode semantic content independently from pose variables such as rotation and translation. However, current disentanglement approaches do not impose any specific structure on the learned latent representations. We propose a method for explicitly disentangling image rotation and translation from other unstructured latent factors in a variational autoencoder (VAE) framework. By formulating the generative model as a function of the spatial coordinate, we make the reconstruction error differentiable with respe…
As we enter the era of machine learning characterized by an overabundance of data, discovery, organization, and interpretation of the data in an unsupervised manner becomes a critical need. One promising approach to this endeavour is the problem of Disentanglement, which aims at learning the underlying generative latent factors, called the factors of variation, of the data and encoding them in disjoint latent representations. Recent advances have made efforts to solve this problem for synthetic datasets generated by a fixed set of independent factors of variation. Here, we propose to extend th…
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute（伦斯勒理工学院）；United Imaging Intelligence（联影智能）；University of California Riverside（加州大学河滨分校）；Northeastern University（东北大学）
Recent advances in Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model interpretability have led to impressive progress in visualizing and understanding model predictions. In particular, gradient-based visual attention methods have driven much recent effort in using visual attention maps as a means for visual explanations. A key problem, however, is these methods are designed for classification and categorization tasks, and their extension to explaining generative models, e.g. variational autoencoders (VAE) is not trivial. In this work, we take a step towards bridging this crucial gap, proposing the firs…
