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arXiv 2106.02664astro-ph.GA
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星系科学与ORCAS:微弱的恒星形成团块到AB $\leq$ 31 mag和r $_e$ $\geq$ 0.01”

Galaxy Science with ORCAS: Faint Star-Forming Clumps to AB$\leq$31 mag and r$_e$$\geq$ 0.01"

Rogier A. Windhorst, Timothy Carleton, Seth H Cohen, Rolf Jansen, Rosalia O'Brien, Scott Tompkins, Daniel Coe, Jose M. Diego, Brian Welch

摘要:

美国航天局的ORCAS(轨道可配置人造星)概念飞行任务旨在利用空间立方体卫星的激光信号作为地面8-30米望远镜特别是10米凯克望远镜的自适应光学信标,在可见光和近红外波长提供近衍射极限角分辨率。当按设计制造时,ORCAS+Keck将在0.5-1.2微米波长下提供约0.01-0.02”FWHM的图像,在包括IFU功能的5x 5”FOV上,在几个小时内达到AB<31 mag的点源。我们总结了ORCAS高分辨率暗星系科学的潜力。我们发现,探测到光学近红外点源的能力(r_e>0.01”FWHM,AB<31等)将产生大约5.0 × 10^6个微弱的恒星形成(SF)团块/平方度,或约0.4个/弧秒^[2]。根据最近的HST透镜数据,在z~1-7处的SF团块的典型的本征(未透镜化)尺寸将为r_e ~1-80 m.a.s.当用ORCAS在HST和JWST成像的透镜星团的临界曲线周围搜索时,这些SF团块中约有一半的尺寸低于ORCAS衍射极限,另一半将被轻微解析,但仍大部分高于ORCAS表面亮度(SB)极限。ORCAS将通过测量星系内团块的年龄、金属丰度和梯度来解决星系如何从较小的团块组装成稳定的圆盘。ORCAS可以监测在z>1-2的SF团块中的单个恒星的焦散凌日,这些恒星已经被HST探测到,以及那些可能被JWST在z>6的极端放大率(mu>10^3-10^5)下探测到的第一批恒星及其恒星质量黑洞吸积盘。ORCAS提供了一个独特的机会,可以利用地面上最大的望远镜,在宇宙学距离上获得单个恒星的统计普查。

英文摘要:

The NASA concept mission ORCAS (Orbiting Configurable Artificial Star) aims to provide near diffraction-limited angular resolution at visible and near-infrared wavelengths using laser signals from space-based cubesats as Adaptive Optics beacons for ground-based 8-30 meter telescopes, in particular the 10 meter Keck Telescopes. When built as designed, ORCAS+Keck would deliver images of ~0.01-0.02" FWHM at 0.5-1.2 micron wavelength that reach AB<31 mag for point sources in a few hours over a 5x5" FOV that includes IFU capabilities. We summarize the potential of high-resolution faint galaxy science with ORCAS. We show that the ability to detect optical-near-IR point sources with r_e>0.01" FWHM to AB<31 mag will yield about 5.0x10^6 faint star-forming (SF) clumps per square degree, or ~0.4 per arcsec^2. From recent HST lensing data, the typical intrinsic (unlensed) sizes of SF clumps at z~1-7 will be r_e ~1-80 m.a.s. to AB<31 mag, with intrinsic (unmagnified) fluxes as faint as AB<35-36 mag when searching with ORCAS around the critical curves of lensing clusters imaged with HST and JWST. About half of these SF clumps will have sizes below the ORCAS diffraction limit, and the other half will be slightly resolved, but still mostly above the ORCAS surface brightness (SB) limits. ORCAS will address how galaxies assemble from smaller clumps to stable disks by measuring ages, metallicities, and gradients of clumps within galaxies. ORCAS can monitor caustic transits of individual stars in SF clumps at z>1-2 that have been detected with HST, and those that may be detected with JWST at z>6 at extreme magnifications (mu>10^3-10^5) for the first stars and their stellar mass black hole accretion disks. ORCAS provides a unique opportunity to obtain a statistical census of individual stars at cosmological distances, leveraging the largest telescopes only available on the ground.

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