Motivated by recent advances in operational weather forecasting, we study the efficacy of low-precision arithmetic for climate simulations. We develop a framework to measure rounding error in a climate model which provides a stress-test for a low-precision version of the model, and we apply our method to a variety of models including the Lorenz system; a shallow water approximation for flow over a ridge; and a coarse resolution global atmospheric model with simplified parameterisations (SPEEDY). Although double precision (52 significant bits) is standard across operational climate models, in our experiments we find that single precision (23 sbits) is more than enough and that as low as half precision (10 sbits) is often sufficient. For example, SPEEDY can be run with 12 sbits across the entire code with negligible rounding error and this can be lowered to 10 sbits if very minor errors are accepted, amounting to less than 0.1 mm/6hr for the average grid-point precipitation, for example. Our test is based on the Wasserstein metric and this provides stringent non-parametric bounds on rounding error accounting for annual means as well as extreme weather events. In addition, by testing models using both round-to-nearest (RN) and stochastic rounding (SR) we find that SR can mitigate rounding error across a range of applications. Thus our results also provide evidence that SR could be relevant to next-generation climate models. While many studies have shown that low-precision arithmetic can be suitable on short-term weather forecasting timescales, our results give the first evidence that a similar low precision level can be suitable for climate.
3-D Global modelling of the early martian climate under a dense CO2+H2 atmosphere and for a wide range of surface water inventories
CO2+H2温室效应最近被认为是一个有希望的情景,足以使早期火星表面变暖,从而形成山谷网络和湖泊。在这里,我们提出了数值的3-D全球气候模拟的早期火星气候,我们已经进行了假设稠密的CO2+H2大气。我们的气候模型来自Forget et al.(2013)和Wordsworth et al.(2013)的早期工作,与火星冰川和湖泊长期演化的异步模型相结合。模拟在40°赤道进行,以研究(i)水含量和(ii)H2含量(添加到1或2巴的CO2中)如何塑造早期火星的气候和水文循环。我们表明,绝热冷却机制(华兹华斯等。2013),导致冰沉积物在寒冷的气候(所谓的“冰高地”)南部高地的积累也适用于温暖的气候,与撞击坑湖作为主要的水库。这产生的降雨主要集中在火星南部高地。如果调整(i)CO2和H2的量,(ii)水库的大小和位置,以及(iii)古老的地形(即通过删除Tharsis),模拟中的地表径流(来自降雨或融雪)的空间模式可以匹配-除了少数例外-观察到的山谷网络和撞击坑湖泊的分布。虽然我们的研究结果是在富含H2的CO2为主的大气中获得的,但它们也应该适用于评估早期火星上强大的长寿命温室气体的任何组合的影响。
Will Artificial Intelligence supersede Earth System and Climate Models?
Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, German Research Centre for Geosciences GFZ(亥姆霍兹波茨坦中心,德国地球科学研究中心GFZ);Free University of Berlin(柏林自由大学);Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research(波茨坦气候影响研究所);University of Exeter(埃克塞特大学);Princeton University(普林斯顿大学);NOAA/OAR Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory(美国国家海洋和大气管理局/海洋与大气研究办公室地球物理流体动力学实验室);University of Washington(华盛顿大学);Colorado State University(科罗拉多州立大学);German Climate Computing Center DKRZ(德国气候计算中心DKRZ);Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Center for Material and Coastal Research HZG(亥姆霍兹盖斯特哈赫特中心,材料与海岸研究中心HZG)
Effective radiative forcing in the aerosol-climate model CAM5.3-MARC-ARG
利用气溶胶-气候模式CAM 5.3-MARC-ARG对人为气溶胶的有效辐射强迫进行了数值模拟。CAM5.3-MARC-ARG是CAM5.3的一个新结构,其中的气溶胶模块被MARC(二阶矩、多模态、混合状态分辨气溶胶气候研究模式)所取代。CAM5.3-MARC-ARG使用默认的ARG气溶胶激活方案,与CAM5.3的默认配置一致。我们计算使用1850年气溶胶排放模拟和使用2000年气溶胶排放模拟之间的差异,以评估人为气溶胶的辐射效应。我们比较了气溶胶柱负荷,云的属性,和辐射效应所产生的CAM 5.3-MARC-ARG与CAM 5.3的默认配置,它使用模态气溶胶模块与三个日志正交模(MAM 3)。与MAM 3相比,MARC通过直接辐射效应产生了更强的冷却,通过地面辐射效应产生了更强的冷却,通过云长波辐射效应产生了更强的增暖。MARC和MAM 3的全球平均云短波辐射效应相似,但区域分布不同。总体而言,MARC产生的全局平均净ERF为-1.75 $\pm$ 0.04 W m $^{-2}$,其强于MAM 3产生的全局平均净ERF-1.57 $\pm$ 0.04 W m $^{-2}$。在MARC和MAM 3之间,ERF的区域分布也不同,这主要是由于云短波辐射效应的区域分布不同。我们的结论是气溶胶在全球气候模式中的具体表现,包括气溶胶混合状态,对气候模拟有重要意义。
Quantum Artificial Intelligence for the Science of Climate Change
University of Texas at Austin(德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校);Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences(印度热带气象研究所);Krea University(克雷亚大学);University of Petroleum and Energy Studies(石油与能源研究大学);Queen Mary University of London(伦敦玛丽女王大学)