19世纪玻璃珠中的晶体
Crystals in the 19th century glass beads
摘要：
玻璃籽珠可能是艺术史上数量最多的一组玻璃。从古代到现代，玻璃珠在文化中发挥着重要作用，因为它们被用于，例如，装饰服装，宗教物品和功能工具，并作为全球贸易的重要商品。由玻璃珠制成的物品的保护状态是策展人和保护人员的实际问题。众所周知，玻璃通常是不稳定的材料，因此许多内部和外部因素负责玻璃和玻璃表面上的化学和物理过程。人们注意到，某些类型的19世纪历史玻璃珠比其他玻璃珠遭受了更严重的破坏。本文用SEM-EDX、EBSD、Raman和FTIR显微光谱对不同颜色和不同保存状态的玻璃微珠样品进行了分析。研究表明，某些类型的玻璃珠的特点是在玻璃中存在纳米和微晶，这可能是玻璃破坏的原因之一。晶体的元素组成在每种情况下都是不同的，并且取决于用于玻璃制造的原材料和技术成分。通过EBSD分析确定了晶体的结构。
英文摘要：
Glass seed beads probably are the most numerous group of art historical glass. From the ancient times to the modern era, glass beads played an essential role in culture, as they were used, e.g., to decorate clothing, religious objects and functional tools, and served as an important good for global trade. The conservation state of items made of glass beads is an actual issue for curators and conservators. Glass, as well known, is often unstable material, so a number of internal and external factors are responsible for chemical and physical processes in glass and on the glass surface. It was noticed that some types of historical 19th century glass beads are subjected to more intense destruction than others. The samples of glass beads of different colours and conservation states were examined by means of SEM-EDX, EBSD, Raman and FTIR microspectroscopy. Research showed that some types of beads are characterized by the presence of nano- and microcrystals in glass, which could be one of the causes of glass destruction. The elemental composition of crystals is different in each case and depends on raw materials and technical components used for glass manufacturing. The structure of crystals was identified by means of EBSD analysis.
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