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arXiv 2104.10784stat.MEstat.AP
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设计有效随机试验:使用半参数有效估计量时的功效和样本量计算

Designing efficient randomized trials: power and sample size calculation when using semiparametric efficient estimators

Alejandro Schuler

摘要:

试验招募大量受试者以获得权力,使其昂贵且耗时。样本量计算通常在假设未调整分析的情况下进行,即使试验分析计划指定了更有效的估计量(例如ANCOVA)。这导致保守估计所需的样本量和节省的机会。在这里,我们表明,一个相对简单的公式可以用来估计任何双臂,单时间点试验分析的半参数有效估计的权力,无论域的结果或处理效应的种类(如比值比,平均差)。由于有效的估计量可获得最小可能的渐进方差,因此可以设计尽可能小的试验,同时仍能获得设计功效和对第一类错误的控制。所需的样本量计算是简约的,仅要求分析员提供少量的群体参数。我们在模拟中验证,这种方式设计的试验的大样本性能达到其标称值。最后,我们演示了如何使用这个公式中的“设计”(和随后的再分析)的一个真正的临床试验,并表明,较少的主题需要达到相同的设计功率时,半参数有效估计占在设计阶段。

英文摘要:

Trials enroll a large number of subjects in order to attain power, making them expensive and time-consuming. Sample size calculations are often performed with the assumption of an unadjusted analysis, even if the trial analysis plan specifies a more efficient estimator (e.g. ANCOVA). This leads to conservative estimates of required sample sizes and an opportunity for savings. Here we show that a relatively simple formula can be used to estimate the power of any two-arm, single-timepoint trial analyzed with a semiparametric efficient estimator, regardless of the domain of the outcome or kind of treatment effect (e.g. odds ratio, mean difference). Since an efficient estimator attains the minimum possible asymptotic variance, this allows for the design of trials that are as small as possible while still attaining design power and control of type I error. The required sample size calculation is parsimonious and requires the analyst to provide only a small number of population parameters. We verify in simulation that the large-sample properties of trials designed this way attain their nominal values. Lastly, we demonstrate how to use this formula in the "design" (and subsequent reanalysis) of a real clinical trial and show that fewer subjects are required to attain the same design power when a semiparametric efficient estimator is accounted for at the design stage.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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