KAGRA地下环境和爱因斯坦望远镜的经验教训
The KAGRA underground environment and lessons for the Einstein Telescope
摘要：
日本的KAGRA引力波探测器是唯一在地下基础设施中运行的探测器。地下站点承诺大大减少环境对探测器噪声的贡献，从而打开了将观测频带扩展到远低于10 Hz的频率的可能性。出于这个原因，拟议中的欧洲下一代基础设施爱因斯坦望远镜将在地下实现，目标是从3 Hz到几kHz的观测波段。然而，众所周知，在Virgo和LIGO探测器的当前表面位置处的低频带10 Hz - 20 Hz中的环境噪声主要由探测器基础设施产生。最重要的是要避免破坏地下场地的质量与嘈杂的基础设施，至少在频率，这种噪音可以变成一个探测器的灵敏度限制。在本文中，我们的特点KAGRA地下网站，以确定其基础设施对环境领域的影响。我们发现，虽然观察到过量的地震噪声，其在20 Hz以下的重要频段的贡献是轻微的保留这个网站的全部潜力，实现低频重力波探测器。此外，我们估计了地表和地下地震波的牛顿噪声谱和洞穴内的声场。我们发现，在可预见的将来，这些可能仍然是KAGRA的仪器噪声的一个小贡献。
英文摘要：
The KAGRA gravitational-wave detector in Japan is the only operating detector hosted in an underground infrastructure. Underground sites promise a greatly reduced contribution of the environment to detector noise thereby opening the possibility to extend the observation band to frequencies well below 10 Hz. For this reason, the proposed next-generation infrastructure Einstein Telescope in Europe would be realized underground aiming for an observation band that extends from 3 Hz to several kHz. However, it is known that ambient noise in the low-frequency band 10 Hz - 20 Hz at current surface sites of the Virgo and LIGO detectors is predominantly produced by the detector infrastructure. It is of utmost importance to avoid spoiling the quality of an underground site with noisy infrastructure, at least at frequencies where this noise can turn into a detector-sensitivity limitation. In this paper, we characterize the KAGRA underground site to determine the impact of its infrastructure on environmental fields. We find that while excess seismic noise is observed, its contribution in the important band below 20 Hz is minor preserving the full potential of this site to realize a low-frequency gravitational-wave detector. Moreover, we estimate the Newtonian-noise spectra of surface and underground seismic waves and of the acoustic field inside the caverns. We find that these will likely remain a minor contribution to KAGRA's instrument noise in the foreseeable future.
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