arXiv 2103.124222021-03-23astro-ph.SRastro-ph.HEphysics.plasm-ph

中子星的热包层

Heat blanketing envelopes of neutron stars

M. V. Beznogov, A. Y. Potekhin, D. G. Yakovlev

备注：: 82 pages, 26 figures, accepted for publication in Physics Reports
发表信息：: Physics Reports, 919, 1-68 (2021)
DOI：: 10.1016/j.physrep.2021.03.004

摘要：

在任何中子星的表面附近，都有一个薄的热覆盖层，它为温暖的中子星内部提供了大量的热绝缘，并将恒星的内部温度与其有效表面温度联系起来。覆盖信封中的物理过程相当清楚，但化学成分却不清楚。后一种情况使从恒星热表面辐射的观测中推断恒星内部物质的物理参数变得复杂，并促使人们详细描述覆盖层的模型。我们概述了这些信封的物理性质，特别是，状态方程，热传导，离子扩散和其他。综述了热毯的各种模型，如由不同元素的分离层组成，或包含处于或不处于扩散平衡的扩散二元离子混合物。强磁场在信封的影响，以及高温的影响，诱导强烈的中微子发射信封本身。最后，我们讨论了热毯的性质如何影响中子星的热演化以及从观测中推断中子星内部结构的重要信息的能力。

英文摘要：

Near the surface of any neutron star there is a thin heat blanketing envelope that produces substantial thermal insulation of warm neutron star interiors and that relates the internal temperature of the star to its effective surface temperature. Physical processes in the blanketing envelopes are reasonably clear but the chemical composition is not. The latter circumstance complicates inferring physical parameters of matter in the stellar interiors from observations of the thermal surface radiation of the stars and urges one to elaborate the models of blanketing envelopes. We outline physical properties of these envelopes, particularly, the equation of state, thermal conduction, ion diffusion and others. Various models of heat blankets are reviewed, such as composed of separate layers of different elements, or containing diffusive binary ion mixtures in or out of diffusion equilibrium. The effects of strong magnetic fields in the envelopes are outlined as well as the effects of high temperatures which induce strong neutrino emission in the envelopes themselves. Finally, we discuss how the properties of the heat blankets affect thermal evolution of neutron stars and the ability to infer important information on internal structure of neutron stars from observations.

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