Deep learning on fundus images detects glaucoma beyond the optic disc
KU Leuven（鲁汶大学）；UZ Leuven（鲁汶大学医院）；University of Porto（波尔图大学）；Centro Hospitalar e Universitário São João（圣若昂大学医院中心）；Hasselt University（哈瑟尔特大学）；University of Antwerp（安特卫普大学）；Flemish Institute for Technological Research（弗拉芒技术研究院）
Ruben Hemelings, Bart Elen, João Barbosa-Breda, Matthew B. Blaschko, Patrick De Boever, Ingeborg Stalmans
Although unprecedented sensitivity and specificity values are reported, recent glaucoma detection deep learning models lack in decision transparency. Here, we propose a methodology that advances explainable deep learning in the field of glaucoma detection and vertical cup-disc ratio (VCDR), an important risk factor. We trained and evaluated deep learning models using fundus images that underwent a certain cropping policy. We defined the crop radius as a percentage of image size, centered on the optic nerve head (ONH), with an equidistant spaced range from 10%-60% (ONH crop policy). The inverse of the cropping mask was also applied (periphery crop policy). Trained models using original images resulted in an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.94 [95% CI: 0.92-0.96] for glaucoma detection, and a coefficient of determination (R^2) equal to 77% [95% CI: 0.77-0.79] for VCDR estimation. Models that were trained on images with absence of the ONH are still able to obtain significant performance (0.88 [95% CI: 0.85-0.90] AUC for glaucoma detection and 37% [95% CI: 0.35-0.40] R^2 score for VCDR estimation in the most extreme setup of 60% ONH crop). Our findings provide the first irrefutable evidence that deep learning can detect glaucoma from fundus image regions outside the ONH.
Renmin University of China（中国人民大学）；Visionary Intelligence Ltd.（远景智能有限公司）
Glaucoma is a severe blinding disease, for which automatic detection methods are urgently needed to alleviate the scarcity of ophthalmologists. Many works have proposed to employ deep learning methods that involve the segmentation of optic disc and cup for glaucoma detection, in which the segmentation process is often considered merely as an upstream sub-task. The relationship between fundus images and segmentation masks in terms of joint decision-making in glaucoma assessment is rarely explored. We propose a novel segmentation-based information extraction and amalgamation method for the task …
Sun Yat-sen University（中山大学）；Baidu Inc.（百度公司）；Agency for Science, Technology and Research（新加坡科技研究局）；CONICET（阿根廷国家科学技术研究委员会）；UNICEN（阿根廷中央国立大学）；Medical University of Vienna（维也纳医科大学）；VUNO Inc.（VUNO公司）；Tencent（腾讯）
With the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) in medical image processing, deep learning in color fundus photography (CFP) analysis is also evolving. Although there are some open-source, labeled datasets of CFPs in the ophthalmology community, large-scale datasets for screening only have labels of disease categories, and datasets with annotations of fundus structures are usually small in size. In addition, labeling standards are not uniform across datasets, and there is no clear information on the acquisition device. Here we release a multi-annotation, multi-quality, and multi-dev…
Southern University of Science and Technology（南方科技大学）；The University of Hong Kong（香港大学）
Glaucoma is one of the ophthalmic diseases that may cause blindness, for which early detection and treatment are very important. Fundus images and optical coherence tomography (OCT) images are both widely-used modalities in diagnosing glaucoma. However, existing glaucoma grading approaches mainly utilize a single modality, ignoring the complementary information between fundus and OCT. In this paper, we propose an efficient multi-modality supervised contrastive learning framework, named COROLLA, for glaucoma grading. Through layer segmentation as well as thickness calculation and projection, re…
Tampere University（坦佩雷大学）；Izmir University of Economics（伊兹密尔经济大学）；Qatar University（卡塔尔大学）；Eskişehir Osmangazi University（埃斯基谢希尔奥斯曼加齐大学）
Glaucoma leads to permanent vision disability by damaging the optical nerve that transmits visual images to the brain. The fact that glaucoma does not show any symptoms as it progresses and cannot be stopped at the later stages, makes it critical to be diagnosed in its early stages. Although various deep learning models have been applied for detecting glaucoma from digital fundus images, due to the scarcity of labeled data, their generalization performance was limited along with high computational complexity and special hardware requirements. In this study, compact Self-Organized Operational N…
Glaucoma is a disease in which the optic nerve is chronically damaged by the elevation of the intra-ocular pressure, resulting in visual field defect. Therefore, it is important to monitor and treat suspected patients before they are confirmed with glaucoma. In this paper, we propose a 2-stage ranking-CNN that classifies fundus images as normal, suspicious, and glaucoma. Furthermore, we propose a method of using the class activation map as a mask filter and combining it with the original fundus image as an intermediate input. Our results have improved the average accuracy by about 10% over the…
Baidu Inc.（百度公司）；Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University（中山大学中山眼科中心）；Xiamen University（厦门大学）
Color fundus photography and Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) are the two most cost-effective tools for glaucoma screening. Both two modalities of images have prominent biomarkers to indicate glaucoma suspected. Clinically, it is often recommended to take both of the screenings for a more accurate and reliable diagnosis. However, although numerous algorithms are proposed based on fundus images or OCT volumes in computer-aided diagnosis, there are still few methods leveraging both of the modalities for the glaucoma assessment. Inspired by the success of Retinal Fundus Glaucoma Challenge (REFU…
In this manuscript, we present a robust method for glaucoma screening from fundus images using an ensemble of convolutional neural networks (CNNs). The pipeline comprises of first segmenting the optic disk and optic cup from the fundus image, then extracting a patch centered around the optic disk and subsequently feeding to the classification network to differentiate the image as diseased or healthy. In the segmentation network, apart from the image, we make use of spatial co-ordinate (X \& Y) space so as to learn the structure of interest better. The classification network is composed of a De…
Institute for Infocomm Research, Agency for Science, Technology and Research（科学、技术和研究局信息通信研究所）；Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院慈溪生物医学工程研究所）；CVTE Research, Guangzhou Shiyuan Electronic Technology Company Limited（广州视源电子科技股份有限公司CVTE研究院）；School of Computer Science and Technology, Tianjin University（天津大学计算机科学与技术学院）；State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院信息工程研究所信息安全国家重点实验室）
Glaucoma is a chronic eye disease that leads to irreversible vision loss. Most of the existing automatic screening methods firstly segment the main structure, and subsequently calculate the clinical measurement for detection and screening of glaucoma. However, these measurement-based methods rely heavily on the segmentation accuracy, and ignore various visual features. In this paper, we introduce a deep learning technique to gain additional image-relevant information, and screen glaucoma from the fundus image directly. Specifically, a novel Disc-aware Ensemble Network (DENet) for automatic gla…
Cameron Heights Collegiate Institute（卡梅伦高地学院）；University of Waterloo（滑铁卢大学）
We propose a new method for training convolutional neural networks which integrates reinforcement learning along with supervised learning and use ti for transfer learning for classification of glaucoma from colored fundus images. The training method uses hill climbing techniques via two different climber types, viz "random movment" and "random detection" integrated with supervised learning model though stochastic gradient descent with momentum (SGDM) model. The model was trained and tested using the Drishti GS and RIM-ONE-r2 datasets having glaucomatous and normal fundus images. The performanc…
With the advancement of powerful image processing and machine learning techniques, CAD has become ever more prevalent in all fields of medicine including ophthalmology. Since optic disc is the most important part of retinal fundus image for glaucoma detection, this paper proposes a two-stage framework that first detects and localizes optic disc and then classifies it into healthy or glaucomatous. The first stage is based on RCNN and is responsible for localizing and extracting optic disc from a retinal fundus image while the second stage uses Deep CNN to classify the extracted disc into health…
Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible but preventable blindness in the world. Its major treatable risk factor is the intra-ocular pressure, although other biomarkers are being explored to improve the understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease. It has been recently observed that glaucoma induces changes in the ocular hemodynamics. However, its effects on the functional behavior of the retinal arterioles have not been studied yet. In this paper we propose a first approach for characterizing those changes using computational hemodynamics. The retinal blood flow is simulated using…
Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence（穆罕默德·本·扎耶德人工智能大学）
Glaucoma is one of the most severe eye diseases, characterized by rapid progression and leading to irreversible blindness. It is often the case that diagnostics is carried out when one's sight has already significantly degraded due to the lack of noticeable symptoms at early stage of the disease. Regular glaucoma screenings of the population shall improve early-stage detection, however the desirable frequency of etymological checkups is often not feasible due to the excessive load imposed by manual diagnostics on limited number of specialists. Considering the basic methodology to detect glauco…
University of Engineering and Technology Taxila（塔克西拉工程技术大学）
Glaucoma is a severe eye disease that is known to deteriorate optic never fibers, causing cup size to increase, which could result in permanent loss of vision. Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness after cataract, but glaucoma being more dangerous as it is not curable. Early diagnoses and treatment of glaucoma can help to slow the progression of glaucoma and its damages. For the detection of glaucoma, the Cup to Disc ratio (CDR) provides significant information. The CDR depends heavily on the accurate segmentation of cup and disc regions. In this paper, we have proposed a modified …
Baidu, Healthcare Group（百度医疗健康集团）；State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University（中山大学中山眼科中心眼科学国家重点实验室）；Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)（新加坡科技研究局高性能计算研究所）
GAMMA Challenge is organized to encourage the AI models to screen the glaucoma from a combination of 2D fundus image and 3D optical coherence tomography volume, like the ophthalmologists.
Automated Computer Aided diagnostic tools can be used for the early detection of glaucoma to prevent irreversible vision loss. In this work, we present a Multi-task Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) that jointly segments the Optic Disc (OD), Optic Cup (OC) and predicts the presence of glaucoma in color fundus images. The CNN utilizes a combination of image appearance features and structural features obtained from the OD-OC segmentation to obtain a robust prediction. The use of fewer network parameters and the sharing of the CNN features for multiple related tasks ensures the good generalizabi…
Indian Institute of Science（印度科学学院）；University of Southern California（南加州大学）
Optic disc (OD) and optic cup (OC) are regions of prominent clinical interest in a retinal fundus image. They are the primary indicators of a glaucomatous condition. With the advent and success of deep learning for healthcare research, several approaches have been proposed for the segmentation of important features in retinal fundus images. We propose a novel approach for the simultaneous segmentation of the OD and OC using a residual encoder-decoder network (REDNet) based regional convolutional neural network (RCNN). The RED-RCNN is motivated by the Mask RCNN (MRCNN). Performance comparisons …
Medical University of Vienna（维也纳医科大学）；Inception Institute of Artificial Intelligence（起源人工智能研究院）；University of Porto（波尔图大学）；KU Leuven（鲁汶大学）；Universitat Politècnica de València（瓦伦西亚理工大学）；University of Florida（佛罗里达大学）；The Chinese University of Hong Kong（香港中文大学）；Gachon University（嘉泉大学）；Samsung SDS AI Research Center（三星SDS人工智能研究中心）；Yale University（耶鲁大学）
Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of irreversible but preventable blindness in working age populations. Color fundus photography (CFP) is the most cost-effective imaging modality to screen for retinal disorders. However, its application to glaucoma has been limited to the computation of a few related biomarkers such as the vertical cup-to-disc ratio. Deep learning approaches, although widely applied for medical image analysis, have not been extensively used for glaucoma assessment due to the limited size of the available data sets. Furthermore, the lack of a standardize benchmark strategy …
Previous approaches using deep learning algorithms to classify glaucomatous damage on fundus photographs have been limited by the requirement for human labeling of a reference training set. We propose a new approach using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT) data to train a deep learning algorithm to quantify glaucomatous structural damage on optic disc photographs. The dataset included 32,820 pairs of optic disc photos and SDOCT retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) scans from 2,312 eyes of 1,198 subjects. A deep learning convolutional neural network was trained to assess optic dis…
Beihang University（北京航空航天大学）；Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology（北京市眼科研究所）；Beijing Tongren Hospital（北京同仁医院）
Recently, the attention mechanism has been successfully applied in convolutional neural networks (CNNs), significantly boosting the performance of many computer vision tasks. Unfortunately, few medical image recognition approaches incorporate the attention mechanism in the CNNs. In particular, there exists high redundancy in fundus images for glaucoma detection, such that the attention mechanism has potential in improving the performance of CNN-based glaucoma detection. This paper proposes an attention-based CNN for glaucoma detection (AG-CNN). Specifically, we first establish a large-scale at…
State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases（眼科学国家重点实验室、中山眼科中心、中山大学、广东省眼科学重点实验室和视觉科学、广东省眼科临床研究中心）；Faculty of Data Science, City University of Macau（澳门城市大学数据科学学院）；Hainan International College, Minzu University of China（海南国际学院，中国民族大学）；School of Information Technology, Faculty of Business and Hospitality, Torrens University Australia（澳大利亚托伦斯大学信息科技学院，商业与酒店管理学院）；AIM for Health Lab, Faculty of IT, Monash University, Australia（健康AIM实验室，墨尔本大学IT学院，澳大利亚）；Department of Ophthalmology, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, the Second Affiliated Hospital of South China University of Technology（广州第一人民医院，华南理工大学第二附属医院）；The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University（中南大学湘雅医学院第三医院）
Opening the black box of deep learning: Validating the statistical association between explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) and clinical domain knowledge in fundus image-based glaucoma diagnosis
Duke-NUS Medical School（杜克-新加坡国立大学医学院）；Singapore National Eye Centre（新加坡国家眼科中心）
PDPM Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufacturing, Jabalpur（贾巴尔普尔PDPM印度信息技术设计与制造学院）
It is feasible to recognize the presence and seriousness of eye disease by investigating the progressions in retinal biological structure. Fundus examination is a diagnostic procedure to examine the biological structure and anomaly of the eye. Ophthalmic diseases like glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and cataract are the main reason for visual impairment around the world. Ocular Disease Intelligent Recognition (ODIR-5K) is a benchmark structured fundus image dataset utilized by researchers for multi-label multi-disease classification of fundus images. This work presents a discriminative kernel …
Automated optic disc (OD) and optic cup (OC) segmentation in fundus images is relevant to efficiently measure the vertical cup-to-disc ratio (vCDR), a biomarker commonly used in ophthalmology to determine the degree of glaucomatous optic neuropathy. In general this is solved using coarse-to-fine deep learning algorithms in which a first stage approximates the OD and a second one uses a crop of this area to predict OD/OC masks. While this approach is widely applied in the literature, there are no studies analyzing its real contribution to the results. In this paper we present a comprehensive an…
Baidu Inc.（百度公司）；Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University（中山大学中山眼科中心）；Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research（新加坡科技研究局高性能计算研究所）
Glaucoma causes irreversible vision loss due to damage to the optic nerve, and there is no cure for glaucoma.OCT imaging modality is an essential technique for assessing glaucomatous damage since it aids in quantifying fundus structures. To promote the research of AI technology in the field of OCT-assisted diagnosis of glaucoma, we held a Glaucoma OCT Analysis and Layer Segmentation (GOALS) Challenge in conjunction with the International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention (MICCAI) 2022 to provide data and corresponding annotations for researchers studying …
Ghent University Global Campus（根特大学全球校区）；Ghent University（根特大学）
Glaucoma is a major eye disease, leading to vision loss in the absence of proper medical treatment. Current diagnosis of glaucoma is performed by ophthalmologists who are often analyzing several types of medical images generated by different types of medical equipment. Capturing and analyzing these medical images is labor-intensive and expensive. In this paper, we present a novel computational approach towards glaucoma diagnosis and localization, only making use of eye fundus images that are analyzed by state-of-the-art deep learning techniques. Specifically, our approach leverages Convolution…
Development of a Mobile Application for at-Home Analysis of Retinal Fundus Images
Division of Engineering Science（工程科学系）；University of Toronto（多伦多大学）；School of Information Technology（信息科技学院）；King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi（泰国科技泰伦比大学）；Innovative Cognitive Computing Research Center（创新认知计算研究中心）；Chinese International School of Hong Kong（香港中文国际学校）
University of Waterloo（滑铁卢大学）；Manipal Institute of Technology（马尼帕尔理工学院）
An overview of the applications of deep learning in ophthalmic diagnosis using retinal fundus images is presented. We also review various retinal image datasets that can be used for deep learning purposes. Applications of deep learning for segmentation of optic disk, blood vessels and retinal layer as well as detection of lesions are reviewed. Recent deep learning models for classification of diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma,diabetic macular edema and diabetic retinopathy are also reported.
Observing retinal fundus images by an ophthalmologist is a major diagnosis approach for glaucoma. However, it is still difficult to distinguish the features of the lesion solely through manual observations, especially, in glaucoma early phase. In this paper, we present two deep learning-based automated algorithms for glaucoma detection and optic disc and cup segmentation. We utilize the attention mechanism to learn pixel-wise features for accurate prediction. In particular, we present two convolutional neural networks that can focus on learning various pixel-wise level features. In addition, w…
Multi-scale Spatio-temporal Transformer-based Imbalanced Longitudinal Learning for Glaucoma Forecasting from Irregular Time Series Images
Zhejiang Lab（之江实验室）；The Chinese University of Hong Kong（香港中文大学）；Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology（北京眼科研究所）；Beijing Tongren Eye Center（北京同仁眼科中心）；Beijing Tongren Hospital（北京同仁医院）；Capital Medical University（首都医科大学）；Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences（北京市眼科与视觉科学重点实验室）
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology（韩国高等科学技术院）；Korea University College of Medicine（高丽大学医学院）
In this paper, we proposed Transferable Ranking Convolutional Neural Network (TRk-CNN) that can be effectively applied when the classes of images to be classified show a high correlation with each other. The multi-class classification method based on the softmax function, which is generally used, is not effective in this case because the inter-class relationship is ignored. Although there is a Ranking-CNN that takes into account the ordinal classes, it cannot reflect the inter-class relationship to the final prediction. TRk-CNN, on the other hand, combines the weights of the primitive classifi…
Explainable Convolutional Neural Networks for Retinal Fundus Classification and Cutting-Edge Segmentation Models for Retinal Blood Vessels from Fundus Images
Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology（阿萨努拉科技大学）
Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学）；the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, College of Medicine（浙江大学医学院附属第二医院）
The early diagnosis and screening of glaucoma are important for patients to receive treatment in time and maintain eyesight. Nowadays, deep learning (DL) based models have been successfully used for computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) of glaucoma from retina fundus images. However, a DL model pre-trained using a dataset from one hospital center may have poor performance on a dataset from another new hospital center and therefore its applications in the real scene are limited. In this paper, we propose a self-adaptive transfer learning (SATL) strategy to fill the domain gap between multicenter datas…
University of California, Santa Barbara（加利福尼亚大学圣巴巴拉分校）
Fundus photography has routinely been used to document the presence and severity of retinal degenerative diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy (DR) in clinical practice, for which the fovea and optic disc (OD) are important retinal landmarks. However, the occurrence of lesions, drusen, and other retinal abnormalities during retinal degeneration severely complicates automatic landmark detection and segmentation. Here we propose HBA-U-Net: a U-Net backbone enriched with hierarchical bottleneck attention. The network consists of a novel bottle…
KU Leuven（鲁汶大学）；UZ Leuven（鲁汶大学医院）；Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto（波尔图大学医学院）；Centro Hospitalar e Universitário São João（圣若昂中心医院）；University Hospitals Leuven（鲁汶大学医院）；Hasselt University（哈瑟尔特大学）；University of Antwerp（安特卫普大学）；Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO)（弗拉芒技术研究所（VITO））
Background/Aims: Standard Automated Perimetry (SAP) is the gold standard to monitor visual field (VF) loss in glaucoma management, but is prone to intra-subject variability. We developed and validated a deep learning (DL) regression model that estimates pointwise and overall VF loss from unsegmented optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans. Methods: Eight DL regression models were trained with various retinal imaging modalities: circumpapillary OCT at 3.5mm, 4.1mm, 4.7mm diameter, and scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO) en face images to estimate mean deviation (MD) and 52 threshold values. Th…
Technische Universität Kaiserslautern（凯泽斯劳滕工业大学）；German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence GmbH (DFKI)（德国人工智能研究中心）；Opthalmology Clinic（眼科诊所）；National University of Science and Technology (NUST)（国立科技大学）；National Center of Artificial Intelligence（国家人工智能中心）；Smart Data and Knowledge Services（智能数据与知识服务部）
Scarcity of large publicly available retinal fundus image datasets for automated glaucoma detection has been the bottleneck for successful application of artificial intelligence towards practical Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD). A few small datasets that are available for research community usually suffer from impractical image capturing conditions and stringent inclusion criteria. These shortcomings in already limited choice of existing datasets make it challenging to mature a CAD system so that it can perform in real-world environment. In this paper we present a large publicly available retin…
Deep learning models have the capacity to fundamentally revolutionize medical imaging analysis, and they have particularly interesting applications in computer-aided diagnosis. We attempt to use deep learning neural networks to diagnose funduscopic images, visual representations of the interior of the eye. Recently, a few robust deep learning approaches have performed binary classification to infer the presence of a specific ocular disease, such as glaucoma or diabetic retinopathy. In an effort to broaden the applications of computer-aided ocular disease diagnosis, we propose a unifying model …
National University of Singapore（新加坡国立大学）；Singapore Eye Research Institute（新加坡眼科研究所）；Singapore National Eye Centre（新加坡国家眼科中心）；Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology（新加坡-麻省理工学院研究与技术联盟）；Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore（新加坡国立大学杨潞龄医学院）；Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School（杜克-新加坡国立大学医学院）；Nanyang Technological University Singapore（新加坡南洋理工大学）；Medical University of Vienna（维也纳医科大学）；Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, Basel（巴塞尔分子与临床眼科研究所）；Abyss Processing Pte Ltd（深渊处理私人有限公司）
Purpose: (1) To develop a deep learning algorithm to automatically segment structures of the optic nerve head (ONH) and macula in 3D wide-field optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans; (2) To assess whether 3D macula or ONH structures (or the combination of both) provide the best diagnostic power for glaucoma. Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study was performed which included wide-field swept-source OCT scans from 319 glaucoma subjects and 298 non-glaucoma subjects. All scans were compensated to improve deep-tissue visibility. We developed a deep learning algorithm to automatically lab…
Inception Institute of Artificial Intelligence（人工智能起源研究所）
Retinal fundus images are widely used for the clinical screening and diagnosis of eye diseases. However, fundus images captured by operators with various levels of experience have a large variation in quality. Low-quality fundus images increase uncertainty in clinical observation and lead to the risk of misdiagnosis. However, due to the special optical beam of fundus imaging and structure of the retina, natural image enhancement methods cannot be utilized directly to address this. In this paper, we first analyze the ophthalmoscope imaging system and simulate a reliable degradation of major inf…
One of the leading causes of blindness is glaucoma, which is challenging to detect since it remains asymptomatic until the symptoms are severe. Thus, diagnosis is usually possible until the markers are easy to identify, i.e., the damage has already occurred. Early identification of glaucoma is generally made based on functional, structural, and clinical assessments. However, due to the nature of the disease, researchers still debate which markers qualify as a consistent glaucoma metric. Deep learning methods have partially solved this dilemma by bypassing the marker identification stage and an…
Technical University of Munich（慕尼黑工业大学）；Heritage Institute of Technology（印度传统理工学院）
Automatic evaluation of the retinal fundus image is emerging as one of the most important tools for early detection and treatment of progressive eye diseases like Glaucoma. Glaucoma results to a progressive degeneration of vision and is characterized by the deformation of the shape of optic cup and the degeneration of the blood vessels resulting in the formation of a notch along the neuroretinal rim. In this paper, we propose a deep learning-based pipeline for automatic segmentation of optic disc (OD) and optic cup (OC) regions from Digital Fundus Images (DFIs), thereby extracting distinct fea…
ETSCL: An Evidence Theory-Based Supervised Contrastive Learning Framework for Multi-modal Glaucoma Grading
Beihang University（北京航空航天大学）；College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University（南洋理工大学计算与数据科学学院）；Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University（南洋理工大学李光前医学院）；Sun Yat-sen University（中山大学）；National University of Singapore（新加坡国立大学）；South China University of Technology（华南理工大学）
Nowadays, glaucoma is the leading cause of blindness worldwide. We propose in this paper two different deep-learning-based approaches to address glaucoma detection just from raw circumpapillary OCT images. The first one is based on the development of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) trained from scratch. The second one lies in fine-tuning some of the most common state-of-the-art CNNs architectures. The experiments were performed on a private database composed of 93 glaucomatous and 156 normal B-scans around the optic nerve head of the retina, which were diagnosed by expert ophthalmologists…
Inception Institute of Artificial Intelligence（起源人工智能研究院）；State Key Laboratory, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University（中山大学中山眼科中心国家重点实验室）；Baidu（百度）；South China University of Technology（华南理工大学）；National Scientific and Technical Research Council, CONICET（阿根廷国家科学与技术研究理事会）；Yatiris Group, PLADEMA Institute, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNICEN)（布宜诺斯艾利斯省中央国立大学）
Angle closure glaucoma (ACG) is a more aggressive disease than open-angle glaucoma, where the abnormal anatomical structures of the anterior chamber angle (ACA) may cause an elevated intraocular pressure and gradually lead to glaucomatous optic neuropathy and eventually to visual impairment and blindness. Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography (AS-OCT) imaging provides a fast and contactless way to discriminate angle closure from open angle. Although many medical image analysis algorithms have been developed for glaucoma diagnosis, only a few studies have focused on AS-OCT imaging. In p…
Heritage Institute of Technology（遗产理工学院）；Tata Consultancy Services（塔塔咨询服务公司）
Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is a complication of long-standing, unchecked diabetes and one of the leading causes of blindness in the world. This paper focuses on improved and robust methods to extract some of the features of DR, viz. Blood Vessels and Exudates. Blood vessels are segmented using multiple morphological and thresholding operations. For the segmentation of exudates, k-means clustering and contour detection on the original images are used. Extensive noise reduction is performed to remove false positives from the vessel segmentation algorithm's results. The localization of Optic Disc …
Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Bioingeniería, Universitat Politècnica de València（瓦伦西亚理工大学生物工程研究与创新研究所）；Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena（卡塔赫纳理工大学）
Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide and Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is the quintessential imaging technique for its detection. Unlike most of the state-of-the-art studies focused on glaucoma detection, in this paper, we propose, for the first time, a novel framework for glaucoma grading using raw circumpapillary B-scans. In particular, we set out a new OCT-based hybrid network which combines hand-driven and deep learning algorithms. An OCT-specific descriptor is proposed to extract hand-crafted features related to the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL). In paralle…
A fundus image usually contains the optic disc, pathologies and other structures in addition to vessels to be segmented. This study proposes a deep network for vessel segmentation, whose architecture is inspired by inception modules. The network contains three sub-networks, each with a different filter size, which are connected in the last layer of the proposed network. According to experiments conducted in the DRIVE and IOSTAR, the performance of our network is found to be better than or comparable to that of the previous methods. We also observe that the sub-networks pay attention to differe…
